colistimethate sodium (ColiFin / ColiFinair)

Using calcium silicate nanoparticles to reduce phosphorus solubility in poultry litter treated with alum or sodium bisulfate.

Moore Philip A PA

Treating poultry litter with alum is a best management practice (BMP) used to reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff and leaching. However, recently we have observed that alum additions to litter have not always reduced soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). The objectives of this research were (1) to determine why alum additions to litter occasionally fail to reduce SRP and (2) to determine if aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and/or iron (Fe) nanoparticles applied alone or in combination with dry acids used for NH3 control (alum or sodium bisulfate) would reduce SRP in litter. Five lab studies were conducted. Results showed when litter had previously been treated with sodium bisulfate was treated with alum, it increased SRP, possibly due to the formation of sodium alunite. Applications of sodium bisulfate alone to poultry litter also increased SRP. While the addition of Al and Fe nanoparticles to litter had relatively little effect on SRP when applied alone or in combination with alum or sodium bisulfate, the addition of a calcium silicate based nanoparticle had a synergistic effect on reducing SRP when applied with alum or sodium bisulfate. When TPX was applied with sodium bisulfate at rates of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%, the SRP decreased from 3410 mg P kg-1 to 1220, 541, and 233 mg P kg-1 litter, respectively. However, TPX increased litter pH, which may negatively affect the efficacy of alum and poultry litter treatment on reducing NH3 emissions, indicating more research is needed on this practice to determine if it is a cost-effective BMP for reducing P runoff.

Urinary sodium, table salt use and incidence of late-onset asthma in females and males: evidence from a large prospective cohort.

Kronsteiner-Gicevic Selma S, Thompson Alysha S AS, Gaggl Martina M, Cassidy Aedín A et al.

The contribution of dietary sodium to asthma development remains unclear, particularly for adult-onset disease. We examined associations between estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, table salt use and incident asthma in a large prospective cohort. We analysed 420 041 adults aged 40-69 years without prior asthma. Incident asthma was ascertained through linked health records. Urinary sodium was estimated using the INTERSALT equation from spot urine samples. Frequency of adding salt at the table was self-reported. Associations were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors. Over a median 10.9-year follow-up, 11 927 participants developed asthma. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of estimated urinary sodium was associated with increased asthma incidence (hazard ratio (HR) 1.50, 95% CI 1.41-1.59). Associations were stronger in females (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.44-1.68) than males (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17-1.39; p-heterogeneity=0.0011) and in individuals with low eosinophil counts <300 cells·µL-1 (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.43-1.66) compared with those ≥300 cells·µL-1 (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10-1.40; p-heterogeneity=0.0017). Associations were also stronger in never-smokers (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.51-1.79) than former (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.33-1.60) or current smokers (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.36; p-heterogeneity=0.0008). Frequent table salt use ("always" versus "never/rarely") was associated with higher asthma incidence (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19-1.37), with no meaningful subgroup differences. Higher estimated urinary sodium excretion and frequent table salt use were associated with greater asthma incidence. Stronger associations in women and individuals with low eosinophil counts suggest potential phenotype-specific susceptibility. Randomised studies are warranted to test whether sodium reduction lowers asthma risk in these subgroups.

Pharmacokinetics of inhaled prednisolone for adrenal crisis: an exploratory study.

Berends Julia M E JME, Vulto Annet A, van den Wijngaard Pascalle A PA, Vos Michel J MJ et al.

An adrenal crisis is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency, which requires rapid treatment with glucocorticoids. Guidelines advise immediate self-administration of hydrocortisone by intramuscular injection using an emergency management kit in case an adrenal crisis is suspected. However, self-injection is often not performed due to administration complexity or patient anxiety. Pulmonary administration of glucocorticoids may be a more patient-friendly and suitable alternative, especially when administered using a dry powder inhaler. Before advancing to the development of a dry powder inhaler, we aimed to evaluate whether the pharmacokinetics of inhaled prednisolone sodium succinate are suitable for the outpatient treatment of adrenal crisis. Twelve healthy participants (aged 23-31 years, 50% females) received two separate doses of prednisolone sodium succinate, equivalent to 56.1 and 112.2 mg prednisolone on separate occasions, administered via a nebulizer. The primary outcome was the time to reach a target plasma concentration of 200 nmol/L. The median times to achieve this plasma concentration (excluding the nebulization time of approximately 10 minutes) were 17 (13 - 23) minutes and 9 (5-11) minutes for the 56.1 and 112.2 mg doses, respectively. Furthermore, pulmonary administered prednisolone sodium succinate was well tolerated. The results of this study, particularly the short time to the target plasma concentration, indicate that prednisolone sodium succinate is rapidly absorbed via the lungs and that the pharmacokinetics of inhaled nebulized prednisolone sodium succinate are suitable for the outpatient treatment of adrenal crisis.

Sodium benzoate breaks distant hybridization barrier in poplar.

Shi Jiaqi J, Gong Mengxin M, Tian Boyu B, Chen Song S et al.