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inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (eTIV_f / Evagrip / Fluvirin)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · 疫苗 · 疫苗

什么是 inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine？

inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine 是一种疫苗，由Novartis AG研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intradermal Injection、Intramuscular (IM) Injection、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名eTIV_f, Evagrip, Fluvirin
公司Novartis AG
药物类别疫苗, 大分子
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

相关研究文献

PubMedNature immunology2026-06-13

Human vaccine responses regulated by parallel cytokine pathways.

Chen Guangbo G, Guo Jing J, Heath John J, Prestwood Tyler R TR et al.

Human vaccine responses vary widely, but the determinants remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 66 cytokines across four inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) cohorts over five seasons (n = 581) and identified baseline serum interleukin (IL)-18 and interferon (IFN)-β as correlates of day 28 antibody responses. To test causality, we evaluated 19 cytokines in human tonsil and spleen organoids and found that type I IFNs, IL-21 and IL-12, but not IL-18 or IFNγ, enhanced antibody production. The addition of IFNβ to IIV recapitulated key features of the live-vaccine cytokine program. IL-12 and IL-21 defined a parallel pathway independent of type I IFNs, with IL-12 inducing IL-21 in humans, unlike in mice. Delivery of IL-21 or IFNβ via mRNA lipid nanoparticles in vivo promoted long-lived plasma cell formation. Together, these findings define parallel pathways that regulate vaccine immunity. Our approach unites high-throughput organoid testing and human cohort studies, establishing a human-centric platform to identify adjuvant candidates.

PMID 42286357
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PubMedVaccine2026-06-13

Maternal and infant immunizations for respiratory diseases, United States, may 2025.

Razzaghi Hilda H, Garacci Emma E, Kahn Katherine E KE, Meghani Mehreen M et al.

To assess end-of-season coverage with influenza, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap), and COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunization among pregnant women and their infants, during the 2024-25 respiratory illness season. Data from an Internet panel survey conducted during March 26-May 8, 2025, were analyzed. The study included 2738 currently and recently pregnant women; analysis of each immunization product was restricted to a subsample of participants eligible for the specific product (influenza: 1788; Tdap: 885; COVID-19: 2125; maternal RSV: 721; nirsevimab: 1416). Coverage was assessed for individual vaccines, along with demographic characteristics, provider recommendation for immunization, and attitudes, including perceptions on safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Differences in vaccination coverage between groups were assessed using t-tests. Among eligible participants, 51.0% reported receiving influenza vaccine before or during pregnancy, 52.6% reported receiving Tdap vaccine during pregnancy, 32.3% reported receiving the 2024-25 COVID-19 vaccine before or during pregnancy, and 49.3% reported receiving an RSV vaccine during pregnancy. Among 1416 women with eligible infants, 62.2% reported their infant received nirsevimab; overall, 70.4% of infants were protected by maternal RSV vaccine, nirsevimab, or both. Vaccination coverage was higher among women with a provider recommendation compared to those without for influenza (65.6% vs. 12.2%), Tdap (69.5% vs. 2.9%), and COVID-19 (56.4% vs. 4.4%) vaccines. Prevalence of provider recommendation for Tdap vaccination was lower among non-Hispanic Black (66.4%) and Hispanic women (60.1%) compared with non-Hispanic White women (83.2%). Women reporting being very/somewhat hesitant about a given vaccine were less likely than non-hesitant women to have received that vaccine. Provider recommendation and vaccine hesitancy were associated with maternal vaccine uptake. Because providers have been found to be trusted information sources for patients, efforts supporting informative vaccine conversations between providers and pregnant women could help increase the proportion of pregnant women and infants protected against severe respiratory illnesses.

PMID 42284808
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PubMedScientific reports2026-06-13

Clinical and genomic characterization of Influenza A co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza B: a respiratory surveillance study in Assam, India.

Sarmah Neelanjana N, Siddique Aktarul Islam AI, Dutta Mousumi M, Jakharia Aniruddha A et al.

Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are the primary contributors to seasonal respiratory infections and frequently co-circulate, creating significant health challenges. The present respiratory surveillance study was conducted in Dibrugarh, Assam, India from January 2025 to August 2025 to investigate the genomic characteristics of circulating viruses and identify potential co-infections. Overall, 4,948 respiratory samples were screened using multiplex real-time PCR, followed by subtyping of Influenza A and Influenza B. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in selected positives of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A. Genomic analysis included mutational profiling, phylogenetic analysis and N-glycosylation site prediction using bioinformatics tools. Two co-infection cases were detected: one involving Influenza A (H3N2) with SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron XFG lineage) and another involving Influenza A (H3N2) with Influenza B (Victoria lineage). Both patients experienced mild illness without hospitalisation. NGS revealed that the Influenza A (H3N2) viruses belonged to clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 while SARS-CoV-2 sequence was classified under the Omicron XFG lineage. Mutational analysis of the HA gene showed several amino acid differences compared to the reference vaccine strain A/Darwin/6/2021. N-glycosylation analysis predicted conserved sites at positions 79, 181, 262, and 301 in all strains along with an additional predicted site at position 110 in both co-infection cases. Although the co-infection cases presented with mild clinical manifestations, the observed genomic variations indicate a potential role of co-infecting viruses in shaping viral evolution. Given the limited genomic data available from Northeast India, the study underscores the need for sustained large scale follow up and genomic surveillance to monitor emerging mutations and target future vaccine strategies.

PMID 42286013
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PubMedVaccine2026-06-13

Safety of influenza vaccine during the vaccination campaign 2021/2022 in Italy: a self-controlled case series study.

Spila-Alegiani Stefania S, Massari Marco M, Cutillo Maria M, Menniti-Ippolito Francesca F et al.

This study evaluated the safety of influenza vaccines in a large and representative population during the 2021/2022 campaign in Italy using a Self-Controlled Case Series (SCCS) design using regional health data registries. This multiregional study used healthcare data to assess pre-specified potential adverse outcomes after flu vaccination during the 2021/2022 season. Participants were individuals aged 6 months or older, vaccinated or not, admitted to emergency care or hospital for at least one of the incident outcomes of interest. Risk periods were specifically defined for each outcome and compared to reference periods. The Self-Controlled Case Series design modified for event-dependent exposures was used, estimating relative incidences and excess cases by age, sex, dose, and adjusting for calendar time. No increased risks were observed for most of the study outcomes. An increased risk of thrombocytopenia (RI = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.00-3.61) and optic nerve neuritis (RI = 5.22; 95% CI: 1.31-20.79) was detected within 42 days after vaccination in individuals under 60 years. Sensitivity and ancillary analyses supported these findings. These findings confirm the overall safety of influenza vaccines during the 2021/2022 campaign, with no evidence of increased risk for most of the pre-specified adverse outcomes. The increased risks observed for thrombocytopenia and optic neuritis need further research.

PMID 42284809
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PubMedFood chemistry2026-06-13

A novel sandwich immunoassay for Staphylococcus aureus using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated trivalent nanobody.

Su Na N, Yang Chunxu C, Zhu Lei L, Song Heyang H et al.

Nanobodies (Nbs), owing to their lack of the fragment crystallizable region, are a promising alternative to conventional antibodies for the specific and efficient detection of pathogenic bacteria by minimizing nonspecific interactions. This study reports a trivalent nanobody (3Nb156) targeting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) engineered via multivalent design and directly conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TNb-sELISA) was developed using Nb55 as the capture antibody and HRP-3Nb156 as the detection probe. The TNb-sELISA achieved a detection limit of 2.84 × 104 CFU/mL, representing a 3.2-fold improvement in sensitivity over the monovalent nanobody-based ELISA. The assay demonstrated high specificity and excellent reproducibility. In spiked milk and chicken samples diluted 10-fold, recoveries ranged from 89.49% to 110.37%. After 6 h of enrichment, 10 CFU of S. aureus was detectable in real samples. This study establishes a rapid, sensitive, and reliable platform for detecting S. aureus in complex food matrices.

PMID 42284895
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PubMedJournal of hazardous materials2026-06-13

Subtype-specific associations between ambient air pollution and influenza virus infection: A nationwide case-crossover study in China.

Cai Shimeng S, Liu Xin X, Zhu Bin B, Wang Dayan D et al.

With the advancement of industrialization and the acceleration of urbanization, air pollution has become a major environmental health issue worldwide. However, the subtype-specific associations between air pollution and influenza virus infection remains unclear. In this nationwide individual-level case-crossover study, conditional logistic regression models combined with distributed lag models were applied to quantify the associations between exposure to PM2.5, PM10, O3, CO, NO2, SO2 and influenza virus infection in China. From 2013 to 2017, we included 257,763 laboratory-confirmed influenza-positive cases that had residential address information at the street or township level or finer, of which 177,794 (68.98%) were infected by influenza A. Our results indicated that for each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO₂, and SO₂, the cumulative 7-day (lag06) effects on influenza virus infection increased by 1.54% (95% CI: 1.33-1.76%), 1.05% (95% CI: 0.90-1.19%), 0.11% (95% CI: 0.10-0.13%), 4.68% (95% CI: 4.10-5.26%), and 4.34% (95% CI: 3.84-4.83%), whereas O3 showed a significant protective effect, with 10 μg/m³ increase, the cumulative influenza virus infection would decreased by 2.96% (95% CI: 2.60-3.32%). The associations between all six air pollutants and influenza A virus infection were stronger than those for influenza B virus infection. With per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 the cumulative 7-day risk of influenza A and B virus infection increased by 1.92% (95% CI: 1.66-2.18%) and 0.75% (95% CI: 0.37-1.13%), respectively. Given the rapid urbanization process in China, our findings support professionals in developing public health policies that balance socioeconomic development with the environmental burden of influenza.

PMID 42284787
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