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insulin (Oralgen, Generex / insulin, RapidMist / Oralgen)

✓ Approved

Eli Lilly · INSR · 多肽类

什么是 insulin？

insulin 是一种多肽类，由Eli Lilly研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)、Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal。

药物档案

商品名Oralgen, Generex, insulin, RapidMist, Oralgen
公司Eli Lilly
药物类别多肽类
分子靶点INSR
给药途径Oral (PO), Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Eli Lilly

作用机制

分子靶点

insulin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

insulin 针对 3 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersGlucose tolerance impairedPhase II

相关研究文献

PubMedJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2026-06-13

Insulin Signalling-Inducible IFITM1 Promotes Multiple Myeloma Progression and Bortezomib Resistance.

Lim Ji-Young JY, Kim Yeojin Y, Park Sung-Soo SS, Lee Jungyeon J et al.

Insulin substantially promotes the growth of malignant cells that overexpress the insulin receptor (INSR), and insulin excess has been recognised as a cancer-promoting factor in patients. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is also overexpressed in various cancers. In this study, we investigate the association between insulin signalling-induced IFITM1 expression and multiple myeloma (MM) aggressiveness. We observed that expression of both INSR and IFITM1 was significantly elevated in symptomatic MM patients compared with those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smouldering MM (SMM). Notably, IFITM1-but not INSR-expression correlated with prognosis following autologous stem cell transplantation and bortezomib-based induction therapy. Further analysis revealed that IFITM1 expression in bone marrow plasma cells was associated with the concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-II) in the bone marrow microenvironment. Insulin and IGF-II enhanced MM cell proliferation through IFITM1 upregulation, whereas suppression of IFITM1 abrogated the proliferative effects of these ligands. Moreover, insulin and IGF-II attenuated apoptosis and the inhibition of cell migration induced by the proteasome inhibitors (PIs) bortezomib and carfilzomib, and these effects were reversed by IFITM1 knockdown. The ability of insulin to reduce bortezomib-induced apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was likewise dependent on IFITM1 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that insulin-induced IFITM1 plays a pivotal role in MM progression and resistance to bortezomib, highlighting IFITM1 as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

PMID 42286874
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PubMedFood and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association2026-06-13

Bisphenol S induces hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through AMPK inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Sepúlveda-Fragoso Vinicius V, Dos Reis Emanuelle Barreto EB, de Souza Carvalho Laureano Thais T, Stockler-Pinto Milena Barcza MB et al.

Bisphenol S (BPS), a common substitute for bisphenol A, has emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant, yet its metabolic effects remain poorly understood. Increasing evidence links BPS exposure to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated the metabolic effects of chronic BPS exposure (4, 25, and 50 μg/kg/day for 12 weeks) in C57BL/6 mice and evaluated its impact on human Huh-7 hepatocytes. In vivo, exposure to 25 μg/kg/day exhibited obesogenic potential, while all doses induced insulin resistance and promoted hepatic micro- and macrovesicular steatosis. BPS triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and suppressed AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, disrupting hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. Consistently, BPS exposure in Huh-7 cells induced ER stress, reduced AMPK activity, and impaired insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, indicating decreased insulin sensitivity. Notably, pharmacological activation of AMPK attenuated BPS-induced inhibition of insulin signaling, identifying AMPK as a key mediator of BPS-driven metabolic dysfunction in hepatocytes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that BPS promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by activating ER stress and inhibiting AMPK, highlighting BPS as a potential environmental contributor to MASLD and related metabolic disorders.

PMID 42285293
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PubMedChinese journal of natural medicines2026-06-13

Nuciferine ameliorates cognitive impairment and insulin resistance in T2DM by targeting the insulin receptor and activating PI3K/AKT signaling.

Zheng Miao M, Wang Can C, Liu Jiayi J, Xia Yi Y et al.

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and can increase the risk of cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease. Nuciferine, an alkaloid derived from lotus leaves, shows neuroprotective effects. This study investigated nuciferine's protective role in T2DM-induced cognitive impairment (T2DM-CI) and its mechanisms. Mouse models were created using high-fat diets and streptozotocin, along with high glucose-induced HT-22 cells. Nuciferine reduced blood glucose, improved cognitive function, and mitigated glial cell activation, neuron and synapse loss in T2DM mice. It enhanced insulin signaling by increasing protein levels of IR, IRS1, and IGF-1R, reversing PI3K and AKT phosphorylation, inhibiting GSK3β activity, and reducing hyperphosphorylated Tau in HT-22 cells and T2DM mice. mRNA levels of these molecules matched their protein levels. Further studies revealed that nuciferine directly interacts with IR, knocking out IR abolished its effects on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus, nuciferine activates the PI3K/AKT pathway via IR, improving insulin resistance and slowing T2DM-CI progression.

PMID 42285687
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PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-06-13

A dual-microneedle system for integrated continuous glucose monitoring and feedback insulin delivery.

Zhao Kangxun K, Niu Yangguang Y, Cao Xiaoping X, Ma Tianqi T et al.

Effective precision diabetes management requires seamless integration of continuous glucose monitoring and therapeutic intervention. In this study, we present a novel dual-microneedle regulatory system, which combines a biosensing microneedle for real-time interstitial glucose monitoring and a therapeutic microneedle for precise transdermal insulin delivery. The biosensing microneedle utilizes glucose oxidase-functionalized electrodes for continuous glucose sensing (demonstrating a broad linear range of 1-34 mM and a limit of detection of 0.4 mM), while the therapeutic microneedle employs electroosmotic flow to regulate insulin infusion through hollow channels under a constant 5 V voltage. This integrated system was demonstrated to provide accurate glycemic control in diabetic Wistar rat models (achieving a 55 % blood glucose reduction within 144 min and demonstrating high clinical accuracy with 88 % of points in Zone A of the Clarke Error Grid), successfully merging continuous glucose monitoring with on-demand insulin delivery. The proposed system demonstrates a solid proof-of-concept for physically segregated closed-loop regulation, paving the way for the development of miniaturized, wearable artificial pancreas platforms for more effective diabetes management.

PMID 42285381
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PubMedContraception2026-06-13

Cervical Preparation Prior to Dilation and Evacuation Between 13 to 16 Weeks Gestation.

Chen Lillian C LC, Stoffels Guillaume G, Wang Kelly K, Morrison-Buckley Shanell S et al.

Compare differences in dilation and evacuation (D&E) outcomes after single-agent cervical preparation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients receiving buccal misoprostol, oral mifepristone, or osmotic dilators prior to D&E between 13 to 16 weeks gestation. The primary outcome was procedure time and secondary outcomes were procedure complications. From 277 D&E cases, there was no significant difference in adjusted procedure time (p=0.11). Mifepristone was associated with a lower estimated blood loss (EBL) after adjusting for gestational age, however, this difference may not be clinically significant. There were few procedure complications across all methods of cervical preparation. All 3 methods of cervical preparation were associated with short procedure times and few complications. Selection of the cervical preparation method can be individualized to patient preferences and individual needs.

PMID 42285471
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PubMedBMC oral health2026-06-13

Balancing radiopacity and artifact generation: a quantitative evaluation of CBCT artifacts induced by resin-based restorative materials.

Pehlivan İkbal Esra İE, Kaya Sema S, Koç Alaettin A

While metal-induced artifacts in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are well documented, quantitative data regarding the artifact intensity and spatial distribution of modern injectable composites compared with conventional resin-based materials are sparse. This in vitro study quantitatively evaluated and compared beam-hardening and blooming artifacts generated by various resin-based restorative materials, specifically investigating whether modern injectable composites produce different artifact profiles than conventional resins in CBCT imaging. Ninety 3D-printed mandibular canine models with standardized distal cavities were restored using six different materials (n = 15 per group): G-ænial Anterior (GA), EQUIA Forte HT Fil (EQF), G-ænial Universal Injectable (GUI), Vittra APS Unique (VAU), Charisma Diamond ONE (CHR), and OMNICHROMA (OMN). All samples were scanned using a CS 9600 CBCT unit under identical exposure parameters (120 kV, 4.0 mA, 0.15 mm voxel size) to eliminate motion artifacts and ensure standardization. Grayscale values (GV) were measured on mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual surfaces using standardized regions of interest (ROIs) positioned adjacent to the restoration. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests with post-hoc corrections (α = 0.05). Significant differences in GV were observed on the mesial (p < 0.001), distal (p < 0.001), and buccal (p = 0.004) surfaces, whereas no significant difference was found on the lingual surface (p = 0.053). The GUI and GA groups showed the highest GV, while CHR exhibited the lowest GV across all surfaces. The highest GV were recorded on the mesial surface, not on the distal surface where the restoration was placed (p < 0.001). Different resin-based restorative materials produced different grayscale values and artifact patterns under standardized CBCT conditions. The high-filler injectable composite showed artifact characteristics comparable to those of high-viscosity resin-based materials, particularly on the surface opposite to the restoration. These findings suggest that material-related factors may influence CBCT artifact expression; however, because no direct chemical or elemental analysis was performed, these interpretations should be made cautiously. In clinical situations where CBCT imaging is anticipated, clinicians should consider the potential effect of restorative material radiopacity on image interpretation while balancing the diagnostic need for radiopaque restorations in conventional radiography.

PMID 42286615
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