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hyoscyamine sulfate (IBStat)

✓ Approved

Salix · CHRM1 · 小分子

什么是 hyoscyamine sulfate？

hyoscyamine sulfate 是一种小分子，由Salix研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)、Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal。

药物档案

商品名IBStat
公司Salix
药物类别小分子
分子靶点CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
给药途径Oral (PO), Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Salix

作用机制

分子靶点

hyoscyamine sulfate 作用于 4 个分子靶点：

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

hyoscyamine sulfate 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Gastrointestinal disordersIrritable bowel syndrome✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedEnvironmental research2026-08-04

The mechanism of achieving in-situ sulfide control while completing nitrate reduction in the anoxic stage of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process.

Xu Hao H, Tang Shilong S, Wang Yayi Y, Wu Min M

In the anoxic stage of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O) process, similar to the anaerobic stage, sulfate can be reduced by sulfate-reducing bacteria to sulfide, threatening human health and environmental security. Without affecting nitrogen removal, utilizing nitrate refluxed from the oxic stage to directly interfere with sulfide conversion might be an effective strategy for in-situ sulfide control. Herein, the performance and mechanism of nitrate reduction on inhibiting sulfate reduction and controlling sulfide were explored for the first time in a lab-scale anoxic bioreactor in depth. The results indicated that sulfate reduction was negatively correlated (p<0.05) with nitrate reduction. In a semicontinuous experiment, compared with the group without nitrate, hydrogen sulfide and dissolved sulfide concentrations continuously and stably decreased by 68.62±1.66 % and 49.10±2.16 %, respectively, while 50 mg/L nitrate was completely reduced. Besides, the microbial community shifted from a simple structure dominated by sulfate-reducing bacteria to a complicated and hierarchically organized structure dominated by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Among them, heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria were easier to utilize organics, which was a primary reason for sulfide control and nitrogen removal, while autotrophic nitrate-reducing sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were a secondary contributor. Furthermore, the expressions of sulfate-reducing genes were down-regulated, whereas the expressions of most sulfide-oxidizing genes and nitrate-reducing genes were up-regulated. This study provides a valuable idea and its theoretical foundation for achieving in-situ sulfide control coupled with nitrogen removal in the anoxic tank of A2/O.

PMID 42546871
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PubMedEnvironmental science & technology2026-08-04

H2O2-Driven Sulfate Formation at Air-Water Interfaces: Stepwise Mechanism and Accelerated Kinetics.

Zhang Yuchen Y, Yang Xiaohua X, Gu Jinkai J, Liu Yang Y et al.

Sulfate is a key component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with a profound impact on climate and air quality. From a global perspective, H2O2 acts as the dominant oxidant driving sulfate production, yet its acceleration mechanism at the air-water interface has remained poorly understood. Using a series of theoretical methods, we reveal that the prereaction complex exhibits a preference at the air-water interface. This interfacial reaction predominantly proceeds through a stepwise pathway, involving the formation of a HOOSO2- intermediate first from the nucleophilic attack of HSO3- on H2O2 and its subsequent isomerization to sulfate, with a low rate-determining step barrier (4.1 kcal/mol). Interestingly, compared to its bulk phase, the interfacial reaction not only proceeds with a lower reaction barrier but also exhibits a shift in the rate-determining step. This distinction is attributed to the enhanced interfacial reactivity from the effects of the interfacial electric field and partial solvation environment, which account for 89% of the total barrier reduction. Our findings elucidate that the air-water interface serves as a key region for H2O2-driven sulfate production, especially under rising atmospheric H2O2 levels from global wildfires, thereby providing the molecular-level mechanistic understanding necessary for refining atmospheric aerosol models.

PMID 42550079
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PubMedBiochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer2026-08-04

Oncofetal chondroitin sulfate on tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: an emerging multivalent target for liquid biopsy.

Boerrigter Emma P E M EPEM, Ten Dijke Peter P, Nieuwland Rienk R, Enciso-Martinez Agustin A

Circulating tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs) offer a minimally invasive source of real-time molecular information from cancers. Detection of tdEVs, however, is hindered by their heterogeneity, scarcity, and lack of robust identification markers. Oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS), a placenta-associated glycosaminoglycan that is commonly re-expressed in cancer, has emerged as a promising, multivalent surface handle to recognize circulating tumor cells and proteoglycans in liquid biopsies. Recent work demonstrates that tdEVs released by diverse cancer cell lines and in plasma from patients with pancreatic cancer expose ofCS. This mini-review evaluates these findings and defines priorities for clinical translation.

PMID 42546853
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-08-04

Pragmatic evaluation of prescription glucosamine sulfate (pGS) in knee osteoarthritis: insights from a Filipino cohort.

Yu Julie J, Lichauco Juan Javier JJ, Navarra Sandra S, Chiaese Raffaella Maria Rita RMR et al.

The real-world effectiveness and tolerability of prescription glucosamine sulfate (pGS) in reducing knee osteoarthritis (KOA) symptoms in a Filipino cohort was evaluated. This 8-week, pragmatic, open-label, multicenter study enrolled 281 Filipino adults with mild-to-moderate (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2-3) KOA. Participants received pGS 1,500 mg once daily. Outcomes included changes from baseline assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain at Weeks 4, 6, and 8. Tolerability was evaluated through adverse event monitoring. Among 281 treated patients, 277 (98.6%) completed the study, and 245 (~88.0%) received pGS alone for the full period. These patients demonstrated rapid, sustained symptom improvement, with knee pain decreasing by Week 4 and continuing through Week 8. After 4 weeks, 132 patients (~47.0%) had already achieved ≥50.0% pain reduction. By Week 8, WOMAC pain showed a least squares (LS) mean change of -11.96 (95% CI: -12.26 to -11.67), with marked improvements in stiffness, physical function, and total score. VAS pain decreased from 68.4 mm at baseline to 11.9 mm at Week 8, consistent with meaningful clinical benefit. Treatment satisfaction was high, with 98.78% satisfied at Week 8 and a mean psychometric VAS score of 9.0. Patients with more advanced KOA requiring add-on therapy (n = 34) also demonstrated pain improvement, with an LS mean change in WOMAC pain of -8.81 (95% CI: -9.62 to -7.99). Overall, adverse events occurred in 4.6% of patients, were mostly mild, and led to only one withdrawal, confirming good tolerability of pGS as monotherapy and in multimodal treatment. Prescription glucosamine sulfate improved pain, stiffness, and function in Filipino patients with mild-to-moderate KOA as early as Week 4, sustained through Week 8. Treatment was well tolerated, with high satisfaction and one discontinuation. Most patients (~88%) were effectively managed with pGS monotherapy, while add-on celecoxib benefited those with insufficient response, supporting a multimodal approach for KOA symptom control in routine care.

PMID 42549386
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PubMedCureus2026-08-04

Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose Versus Oral Ferrous Sulfate for Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Iron Store Repletion and Safety.

El Ouafa Yasmine Y, Mourabiti Inasse I, El Abdi Nabiha N, Fadi Monsif M et al.

Background Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a major clinical burden, particularly when caused by gastrointestinal or gynecological blood loss and mucosal malabsorption. Oral iron supplementation, while widely accessible, is frequently limited by poor gastrointestinal tolerability and inadequate absorption. Intravenous (IV) iron offers a more direct route to iron repletion, yet real-world comparative data from resource-limited settings remain scarce. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 225 patients with IDA managed at the Hematology Department of Cheikh Khalifa Hospital, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco, between January 2020 and December 2023. Patients received either oral ferrous sulfate (n=185) or IV ferric carboxymaltose (n=40) based on clinical indication. The primary efficacy endpoint was post-treatment serum ferritin at three months, the only post-treatment laboratory parameter systematically available across both groups. Secondary endpoints included transfusion requirement and adverse event profile. Results Both groups were well-matched at baseline across all haematological parameters (hemoglobin (Hb): 8.98±2.23 vs. 8.50±1.42 g/dL, p=0.196; ferritin: 5.57±4.25 vs. 4.71±2.96 µg/L, p=0.221). IV iron was associated with dramatically superior iron store repletion at three months (post-treatment ferritin: 412.60±95.87 vs. 8.68±4.38 µg/L; p<0.001), representing approximately a 47-fold difference. Oral iron recipients remained below the accepted thresholds for adequate store repletion (≥30 µg/L) at follow-up. Transfusion rates were 10.3% (19/185) oral vs. 17.5% (7/40) IV, a non-significant difference (p=0.306), reflecting greater baseline severity in the IV group. Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in 100% of oral iron recipients, while systemic reactions (predominantly arthralgia, myalgia, and fever) occurred in 50% (20/40) of IV iron recipients; one anaphylactic reaction (1/40; 2.5%) was successfully managed. Conclusion In this real-world cohort, IV ferric carboxymaltose achieved markedly superior iron-store repletion compared to oral ferrous sulfate, with a better gastrointestinal tolerability profile, at the cost of a distinct systemic adverse event profile requiring clinical monitoring. These findings support broader consideration of IV iron in patients with IDA who have failed, or are unlikely to benefit from, oral therapy, particularly those with pre-existing mucosal pathology or ongoing haemorrhagic loss.

PMID 42549442
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PubMedThe Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology2026-08-04

Zeaxanthin Suppresses Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation and Proliferation.

Yang Mengxiang M, Han Yuejun Y, Jin Ting T, Wang Jianping J

The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a challenge in clinical research. Zeaxanthin (ZEA) has demonstrated substantial anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, its preventive effects and underlying mechanisms in CRC remain elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the preventive effects and 10 molecular mechanisms of ZEA in CRC. The effects of ZEA on tumor formation, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation were investigated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model of CRC. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative mechanisms of ZEA were evaluated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and CRC cell lines (HCT116 and SW620). Treatment with 50 mg/kg ZEA significantly inhibited AOM/DSS-induced CRC progression. Furthermore, treatment with ZEA reduced tumor formation in the colonic lining, increased body weight, enhanced colorectal length, improved overall survival rate, and attenuated pathological changes in mice. Moreover, ZEA significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and Ki-67 expression levels. Mechanistically, ZEA mitigated inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by suppressing the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1)/receptor-interacting protein 2 kinase (RIP2)/ nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, it suppressed proliferation of HCT116 and SW620 cells by inhibiting the signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/MYC. ZEA exerted significant anti-CRC effects, including anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative actions through multitarget mechanisms, such as modulation of the NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/MYC signaling pathways. These findings suggest that ZEA is a promising natural chemopreventive agent for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

PMID 42548213
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