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tetanus vaccine

✓ Approved

Microgen · · 疫苗

什么是 tetanus vaccine？

tetanus vaccine 是一种疫苗，由Microgen研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

公司Microgen
药物类别疫苗
给药途径Injectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Microgen

作用机制

分子靶点

tetanus vaccine 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

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需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

tetanus vaccine 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsTetanus✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedVaccine2026-06-13

Maternal and infant immunizations for respiratory diseases, United States, may 2025.

Razzaghi Hilda H, Garacci Emma E, Kahn Katherine E KE, Meghani Mehreen M et al.

To assess end-of-season coverage with influenza, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap), and COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunization among pregnant women and their infants, during the 2024-25 respiratory illness season. Data from an Internet panel survey conducted during March 26-May 8, 2025, were analyzed. The study included 2738 currently and recently pregnant women; analysis of each immunization product was restricted to a subsample of participants eligible for the specific product (influenza: 1788; Tdap: 885; COVID-19: 2125; maternal RSV: 721; nirsevimab: 1416). Coverage was assessed for individual vaccines, along with demographic characteristics, provider recommendation for immunization, and attitudes, including perceptions on safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Differences in vaccination coverage between groups were assessed using t-tests. Among eligible participants, 51.0% reported receiving influenza vaccine before or during pregnancy, 52.6% reported receiving Tdap vaccine during pregnancy, 32.3% reported receiving the 2024-25 COVID-19 vaccine before or during pregnancy, and 49.3% reported receiving an RSV vaccine during pregnancy. Among 1416 women with eligible infants, 62.2% reported their infant received nirsevimab; overall, 70.4% of infants were protected by maternal RSV vaccine, nirsevimab, or both. Vaccination coverage was higher among women with a provider recommendation compared to those without for influenza (65.6% vs. 12.2%), Tdap (69.5% vs. 2.9%), and COVID-19 (56.4% vs. 4.4%) vaccines. Prevalence of provider recommendation for Tdap vaccination was lower among non-Hispanic Black (66.4%) and Hispanic women (60.1%) compared with non-Hispanic White women (83.2%). Women reporting being very/somewhat hesitant about a given vaccine were less likely than non-hesitant women to have received that vaccine. Provider recommendation and vaccine hesitancy were associated with maternal vaccine uptake. Because providers have been found to be trusted information sources for patients, efforts supporting informative vaccine conversations between providers and pregnant women could help increase the proportion of pregnant women and infants protected against severe respiratory illnesses.

PMID 42284808
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PubMedVaccine2026-06-13

HPV vaccine: Influencing peer recommendations through information provision at no-cost vaccine clinics.

Ky Samantha L SL, Coblentz Evan G EG, Swanson Emma E, Shah Rhea R et al.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection among people ages 15-24 years in the U.S. However, many individuals remain unvaccinated against HPV. Recommendations from friends and family have been shown to improve vaccine uptake and should be encouraged. This study aimed to determine if the provision of vaccine-related information would change the likelihood of recommending the HPV vaccine to their peers. Furthermore, we examined characteristics associated with a positive change. Participants were recruited at two no-cost vaccine clinics on a university campus in September and October 2024. Through a one-time, voluntary, online survey, participants were asked how likely they were to recommend the HPV vaccine to a family or friend on a scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely). This question was repeated after they were provided with a list of diseases that are prevented by the HPV vaccine. We conducted dependent samples t-tests to determine if there was a change in recommendation scores before and after information provision. We also conducted bivariate (chi-square and independent t-tests) and multivariable (logistic regression) analyses to examine factors associated with a positive change versus no/negative change. The final sample (n = 556) were majority White (n = 310, 55.8%), female (n = 331, 59.5%), and college students (n = 480, 86.5%). The average post-information provision (Mean = 4.21; SD = 0.95) recommendation score was significantly higher than the pre-information provision (Mean = 3.87; SD = 1.031) recommendation score (t = -11.37; p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, there was a statistically significant positive change in recommendation score with younger age (aOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.95-1.00) and lower vaccine confidence (aOR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.36-0.68). This indicates that targeted interventions to improve awareness of diseases prevented by the HPV vaccine could be particularly effective in populations that are younger or have lower vaccine confidence.

PMID 42284811
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PubMedInternational immunopharmacology2026-06-13

Neoantigen-based multi-epitope vaccine designing against glioblastoma using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatic approaches.

Din Miraj Ud MU, Ahmad Sajjad S, Liu Xiaohui X, Jiang Hui H et al.

One of the primary factors in the development of cancer is the accumulation of genetic mutations. Some of these genetic mutations result in the emergence of unique antigens called neoantigens. These neoantigens are perceived as non-self by T cells, making them prime targets for cancer vaccines. These neoantigen-based vaccines can elicit a promising immune response against the malignant cells. In the current research work, a computational approach was employed to design a multi-epitope vaccine for glioblastoma. A set of 126 neoantigens was retrieved from the CEDAR cancer epitopes database which yielded 446 epitopes. The epitopes were screened and 10 potential epitopes were selected to design a multi-epitope vaccine. GPGPG linkers were used for combining these epitopes, while adjuvants were connected to the vaccine via EAAAK and RVRR linkers to build the final construct of the vaccine. The physicochemical properties of the vaccine indicated that the designed vaccine is highly antigenic (0.7841 antigenicity score), non-allergenic, non-toxic, and also water soluble. Molecular docking assessed the interaction of the vaccine with MHC-I, MHC-II, and TLR-4, demonstrating strong binding affinities (-886.5 kcal/Mol, -1050.2 kcal/Mol, and - 1018.3 kcal/Mol, respectively). The docking results were further supported by the normal mode analysis and molecular dynamics simulation showing average RMSD values of 4.21 Å, 6.80 Å, and 5.68 Å for the three complexes, respectively. The in silico cloning of the vaccine into the bacterial plasmid (pET28a+) was carried out to enhance its expression achieving a GC content of 57.43 and a codon adaptation index of 1. The in silico immune simulation revealed that peak antigen levels (∼7.5 × 105 counts/mL at approximately day 50) elicited strong humoral and cellular immune responses, characterized by elevated IgM + IgG titers (∼2.8 × 105) and increased cytokine production, including IFN-γ (∼4.5 × 105), IL-2 (∼6.0 × 105), and TNF-α (∼1.2 × 105 ng/mL), indicating robust immune activation. These findings indicated that our designed vaccine could be a potential therapeutic candidate against glioblastoma. Further experimental research is required to validate the potential, efficacy, and safety of the designed vaccine.

PMID 42284765
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PubMedVaccine2026-06-13

Vaccine uptake in the context of mandate announcement and removal: Evidence from Europe and North America.

Gebremariam Aregawi G AG, Genie Mesfin M, Le Huong H, Regan Annette A et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic drove the implementation of vaccine mandates to protect spaces and/or increase vaccine uptake, though their design, timing, and scope varied across jurisdictions. This study examines the associations of vaccine mandate announcements and removals with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in France, Italy, and California (USA). We employed interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using aggregated data from Our World in Data and the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. The primary outcomes were the weekly number of first and booster doses per 100,000 people. We estimated changes in the rate and trend of vaccine uptake following policy announcements and removals, adjusting for COVID-19 cases, deaths, and temporal autocorrelation to account for other influencing factors. Initial mandate announcements were associated with immediate increases in vaccine uptake: 113% (95% CI: 63 to 178%) in Italy, 195% (95% CI: 113 to 308%) in France, and 32% (95% CI: 16 to 51%) in California. However, these associations attenuated in more fully adjusted models, especially in France, where the initial association was no longer statistically significant after controlling for epidemiological conditions and temporal autocorrelation. Mandate removals were more consistently associated with declines in booster uptake in Italy and France, including declines of 62% (95% CI: -74 to -45%) and 70% (95% CI: -79 to -57%), respectively, while partial removal in California coincided with increased booster uptake. Vaccine mandate announcements were associated with short-term increases in vaccine uptake during key periods of the pandemic. Their removal was often associated with a slowing in uptake, highlighting the need for coordinated communication strategies to sustain coverage. Future policy responses should consider timing, mandate design, and transition planning in contexts where such policies are used.

PMID 42284807
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PubMedNature immunology2026-06-13

Human vaccine responses regulated by parallel cytokine pathways.

Chen Guangbo G, Guo Jing J, Heath John J, Prestwood Tyler R TR et al.

Human vaccine responses vary widely, but the determinants remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 66 cytokines across four inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) cohorts over five seasons (n = 581) and identified baseline serum interleukin (IL)-18 and interferon (IFN)-β as correlates of day 28 antibody responses. To test causality, we evaluated 19 cytokines in human tonsil and spleen organoids and found that type I IFNs, IL-21 and IL-12, but not IL-18 or IFNγ, enhanced antibody production. The addition of IFNβ to IIV recapitulated key features of the live-vaccine cytokine program. IL-12 and IL-21 defined a parallel pathway independent of type I IFNs, with IL-12 inducing IL-21 in humans, unlike in mice. Delivery of IL-21 or IFNβ via mRNA lipid nanoparticles in vivo promoted long-lived plasma cell formation. Together, these findings define parallel pathways that regulate vaccine immunity. Our approach unites high-throughput organoid testing and human cohort studies, establishing a human-centric platform to identify adjuvant candidates.

PMID 42286357
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PubMedBMC primary care2026-06-13

Parental hesitancy and refusal toward routine childhood vaccination after the COVID-19 vaccination period: a cross-sectional study.

Eliaçık Ozan Emre OE, Çöme Oğulcan O, Günvar Tolga T

The COVID-19 pandemic intensified public debates on vaccines, amplifying concerns about safety, side effects, rapid development, and institutional trust. These concerns may be associated with current attitudes toward routine childhood immunization. This study assessed parental intentions regarding routine childhood vaccination among parents whose children had previously completed routine immunizations. This cross-sectional analytical study included 320 parents of children aged 4-8 years who had completed routine childhood vaccinations and registered at Dokuz Eylul University Training Family Health Centers. Participants were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, literature-based items on vaccine attitudes, and the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. Analyses employed descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression. Among parents whose children had completed routine immunizations before the pandemic, 9.7% reported refusal and 23.4% reported hesitancy if deciding today. In the multivariable model, lower educational status was independently associated with hesitancy, whereas lower income was associated with outright refusal. Previous acceptance of non-reimbursed childhood vaccines was inversely associated with both hesitancy and refusal. Side-effect perception, concerns about vaccine production and distrust in healthcare providers were independently associated with hesitancy, while vaccine effectiveness concerns and distrust in healthcare providers were independently associated with refusal. Hesitancy and refusal were observed among parents whose children had previously completed routine immunizations. Educational and socioeconomic factors, prior optional vaccine acceptance, vaccine-related concerns and healthcare provider trust were associated with current vaccination intention. Primary care-based, individualized vaccine communication is needed, while causal attitude changes cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional design.

PMID 42286487
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