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estradiol (Estreva oral / Estreva / Estreva gel)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · ESR1 · 小分子

什么是 estradiol？

estradiol 是一种小分子，由Merck KGaA研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)、Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名Estreva oral, Estreva, Estreva gel
公司Merck KGaA
药物类别小分子
分子靶点ESR1
给药途径Oral (PO), Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

作用机制

分子靶点

estradiol 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

estradiol 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedRSC advances2026-08-05

DoE-oriented optimization of a chitosan-based nanoemulgel of clobetasol propionate for therapeutic intervention in psoriasis.

Prajapati Shiv Kumar SK, Lashkari Deepa D, Acharya Sweta S, Bajpai Meenakshi M et al.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease caused by immune-mediated inflammation. Clobetasol propionate (Cp), a steroid, reduces inflammation by binding the glucocorticoid receptor. This study aimed to optimize a Cp-loaded nanoemulsion (Cp-NE) with a focus on its cytocompatibility with HaCaT keratinocytes and physicochemical stability during storage. Optimization was performed using a Box-Behnken design. Cp-NE was loaded into a chitosan gel to prolong skin retention. The formulations were analyzed for globule size, PDI, ZP, and viscosity. In vitro, drug release and skin permeability were also assessed. The optimized Cp-NE had a globule size of 122 nm, a %EE of 89%, a PDI of 0.508, and a ZP of -28 mV. The Cp-NE gel had a pH of 6.13 and a viscosity of 6799 cps, making it suitable for topical use. In vitro, free Cp released 91% within 2 h; Cp-NE released 83.4% at 12 h, indicating sustained release, which was further extended in chitosan gel. The release followed Higuchi kinetics, confirming diffusion control. Skin permeation was higher with the Cp-NE gel than with the free drug. Cytocompatibility tests showed higher cell viability for Cp-NE. Cytokine assays in HaCaT cells showed significant reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α with Cp-NE and Cp-NE gel, indicating anti-inflammatory potential. MTT assays confirmed biocompatibility, supporting transdermal use. The results suggest that chitosan nanoemulsions improve drug delivery and biocompatibility and reduce inflammation. Stability studies showed excellent stability at 5 ± 3 °C and 25 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% RH. The Cp-NE gel exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, sustained release, enhanced skin permeation, and stability, highlighting its potential for psoriasis treatment.

PMID 42553442
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PubMedMolecular psychiatry2026-08-05

Psychedelics and women's mental health: the effects of female sex hormones on psychedelics' efficacy and tolerability.

Kuypers Kim P C KPC, Mason Natasha L NL, Carlier Aurelie A, Totomanova Iva I et al.

Women experience a disproportionate burden of affective and stress-related disorders, with symptom variability shaped by endocrine transitions across the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause. Although psychedelic-assisted therapies are increasingly investigated for these conditions, hormonal state represents a largely unaccounted determinant of variability in exposure, response, and tolerability. This narrative review synthesizes clinical, preclinical, and neuroimaging literature to examine how estradiol and progesterone modulate psychedelic pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and large-scale brain network dynamics implicated in psychiatric disorders. At the pharmacokinetic level, sex hormones influence gastrointestinal physiology (including gastric pH and transit time), tissue distribution via body composition and fluid balance, and hepatic metabolism through modulation of CYP450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which are key pathways for LSD and psilocin biotransformation. Renal elimination plays a comparatively minor role. These processes may collectively alter onset, peak concentration, and systemic exposure across hormonal states, although direct human data for psychedelics remain absent. At the pharmacodynamic level, estradiol and progesterone regulate serotonergic signaling, including dynamic modulation of 5-HT2A receptor density and binding across the menstrual cycle and reproductive lifespan. Platelet, PET, and SPECT studies indicate higher 5-HT2A availability in low-progesterone states and reduced availability in progesterone-dominant or hypoestrogenic states. Beyond 5-HT2A, psychedelics engage broader serotonergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems that converge on prefrontal-limbic, default mode, and salience networks, circuits that are also dysregulated across depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders. Hormonal fluctuations may further influence subjective intensity and tolerability, with potential sensitivity peaks in the early-mid follicular and early luteal phases, although direct evidence remains limited. Together, these findings suggest sex hormones as a mechanistically plausible, clinically relevant but under-characterized source of variability in psychedelic treatment response.

PMID 42552418
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-08-05

Solid-State Li Batteries via Masked-SLA 3D Printing.

Staffolani Antunes A

Solid-state and quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries are widely regarded as a promising solution to overcome the energy density and safety limitations of conventional lithium-ion technology. However, their practical implementation is critically hindered by the lack of scalable manufacturing strategies capable of producing thin, uniform, and lithium-compatible solid (or gel polymer) electrolyte layers with excellent interfacial contact. Here, a paradigm shift is demonstrated by using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing to directly print a ready-to-use gel polymer electrolyte without any post-processing. The proposed approach enables the fabrication of dense, nonporous electrolyte layers with precisely controlled thickness and conformal deposition onto substrates such as lithium metal and LiFePO4 cathodes. Unlike previously reported SLA-based strategies limited to ceramic precursors or sacrificial templates, the printed electrolyte is immediately functional and compatible with battery assembly. This area-parallel, solvent-free manufacturing route offers intrinsic scalability and eliminates material waste associated with conventional processing methods. Beyond the specific demonstrations reported here, the printing procedure provides a versatile platform adaptable to other polymer electrolytes and polymer-inorganic composites, opening new opportunities for additive manufacturing of advanced energy storage devices.

PMID 42552988
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PubMedAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026-08-05

A Hydro-Organo Biphasic Gel Electrolyte for Decoupled Interfacial Stability and Fast Ion Transport in Zinc Metal Batteries.

Zheng Tianrui T, Ju Zhengyu Z, Jung Sung Hoon SH, Huang Juanjuan J et al.

Organic and aqueous electrolytes offer complementary advantages in electrochemical stability and ion transport, but integrating both within a single electrolyte remains challenging. In this study, it is discovered that a distinct interphase can be spontaneously formed between the aqueous and organic phases through the synergy of amphiphilic monomers, Hofmeister effects, and phase partitioning. This aqueous-organic, mixed-solvent region boosts ion transfer by smoothing solvation change across phases, resulting in an order-of-magnitude increase in overall conductivity over biphasic counterparts without such an interphase. Meanwhile, compartmentalized organo- and hydrogel domains decouple anodic and cathodic interfacial chemistries. Demonstrated in zinc metal batteries, this biphasic gel electrolyte thermodynamically stabilizes zinc metal anodes and inhibits parasitic ion crossover, while also enabling high-rate operation comparable to aqueous systems. Accordingly, Zn||Zn symmetric cells demonstrate >3,600 h stable cycling at 5 mA cm-2 and 5 mAh cm-2, and MnO2||Zn full cells show high capacity retention after >3,000 cycles at 10 A g-1. Overall, the findings establish organizing phase and solvation chemistry as a general materials design principle toward advanced electrolyte systems for high-power, long-duration electrochemical energy storage.

PMID 42554350
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PubMedAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026-08-05

An On-Skin Visually Monitorable Gel-Matrix Zinc-Ion Battery for Electrically Stimulated Wound Healing.

Cao Shuangxiu S, Hu Tingting T, Zhang Xuemei X, Tang Qiang Q et al.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) feature intrinsic safety, low cost, and environmental compatibility, making them attractive for untapped cutting-edge applications, such as the biomedicine area. Particularly, wearable medical power sources require stable electrical output, mechanical flexibility, and high biocompatibility. Herein, a stable and flexible gel-matrix aqueous ZIB was designed as an on-skin power source for electrically stimulated wound healing. The elaborately designed graded porous framework hydrogel electrolyte (GPF-HGE) obtains high ionic conductivity (17.19 mS cm-1) and improved mechanical deformation tolerance (46 kPa and 205 J m-2) due to the porous framework formed in the solvent exchange process. Its transparency property, combined with an annular ring-shaped electrode that generates an electric field aligned with the endogenous wound electric field, enables direct application to wound sites and real-time visual monitoring. The assembled Zn|GPF-HGE|I2@AC full cells show superior long-term cycling stability accompanied by slight capacity fading, ensuring a steady energy supply for electrical stimulation (ES). Benefiting from its robust electrochemical stability and excellent biocompatibility, the obtained ES device can provide reliable electrical signals and promote wound healing through synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. This work highlights the potential of aqueous ZIBs as advanced biomedical power sources beyond conventional energy storage applications.

PMID 42554429
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PubMedFood chemistry2026-08-04

Enhancement of freeze-thaw stability and gel characteristics in soybean-potato protein Pickering emulsions regulated by polysaccharides: Focusing on physicochemical properties and microstructure.

Sun Ying Y, Lu Binglin B, Qi Wen W, Liu Shen S et al.

Polysaccharide modulation is an effective strategy for tailoring the texture and stability of plant-based fat substitutes. This study investigated the modulatory effects of κ-carrageenan, konjac gum, and pullulan at three mass ratios (emulsion:polysaccharide = 5:1, 4:1, 3:1) on the stabilization of Pickering emulsion gels containing potato-soy protein composite nanoparticles. The results indicated that the modulatory effects were dependent on the type of polysaccharide. The pullulan group (3,1) imparted the smallest oil droplet size and optimal freeze-thaw stability to the emulsion; its gel water retention and oil retention reached 98.51% and 99.52%, respectively, with the best elasticity and cohesiveness. The κ-carrageenan group (3,1) maximized gel hardness and storage modulus, forming the network with the highest mechanical strength; konjac gum exhibited effects intermediate between the two. Mechanistically, polysaccharides act as physical fillers that synergize with proteins through steric exclusion and hydrogen bonding, promoting an increase in the content of α-helices and β-sheets; Raman spectroscopy confirmed the absence of covalent cross-linking. The dense, uniform network effectively converts free water into non-free water, reducing water mobility. This study elucidates the structure-property relationship between polysaccharide molecular characteristics and gel network configuration, providing a theoretical basis for designing plant-based fat substitutes with adjustable texture and controllable stability.

PMID 42546614
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