meningococcal B vaccine (rLP 2086 / PF05212366 / MnB rLP2086)

Meningitis B: UK launches vaccine programme to protect students after fatal outbreaks.

Mahase Elisabeth E

Saving the first 24 hours: why public and frontline awareness must accompany meningococcal vaccination.

Nguyen Quynh-Giao QG, Abdullah Rohat Muhyadeen RM, Hassan Eman Fathy Abdeltwab EFA, Dang Van Tri VT et al.

Proteomics- and immunoinformatics-based design of a multi-epitope vaccine ZZ1 against Glaesserella parasuis.

Wang Zesong Z, Wei Wenbin W, Feng Shifan S, Jia Chaoying C et al.

Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen of the porcine upper respiratory tract, causing substantial economic losses to the global swine industry. Current commercial vaccines exhibit suboptimal heterologous cross-protection and inherent biosafety concerns, highlighting the need for a safe, broadly effective multi-serotype vaccine. This study targeted outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with robust cross-serotype immunogenicity from virulent G. parasuis strains. Comparative proteomic analysis of five strains identified highly abundant, co-expressed OMPs, which were screened based on antigenicity and physicochemical properties. Epitope prediction for helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B-cells was performed on selected OMPs. Immunodominant epitopes were concatenated using flexible linkers and fused with the TLR2 agonist phenol-soluble modulin α4 (PSMα4) to engineer a multi-epitope vaccine, designated ZZ1. Screening yielded eight conserved OMPs with high antigenicity, hydrophilicity, and thermostability, from which 6 HTL, 7 CTL, and 11 B-cell epitopes were predicted. Immunoinformatic evaluations revealed that ZZ1 possesses a high antigenicity score of 1.018 (threshold: 0.4) and is non-allergenic and non-toxic. Following successful expression, in vivo trials demonstrated that recombinant ZZ1 elicited robust, specific IgG antibody responses. Challenge tests in piglets revealed 100% protective efficacy against G. parasuis serotype 4, and 80% against serotypes 5 and 13. These findings indicate that ZZ1 is a promising candidate capable of conferring broad cross-protection against multiple prevalent G. parasuis serotypes, offering an innovative strategy for next-generation subunit vaccine development.

Clinical and genomic characterization of Influenza A co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza B: a respiratory surveillance study in Assam, India.

Sarmah Neelanjana N, Siddique Aktarul Islam AI, Dutta Mousumi M, Jakharia Aniruddha A et al.

Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are the primary contributors to seasonal respiratory infections and frequently co-circulate, creating significant health challenges. The present respiratory surveillance study was conducted in Dibrugarh, Assam, India from January 2025 to August 2025 to investigate the genomic characteristics of circulating viruses and identify potential co-infections. Overall, 4,948 respiratory samples were screened using multiplex real-time PCR, followed by subtyping of Influenza A and Influenza B. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in selected positives of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A. Genomic analysis included mutational profiling, phylogenetic analysis and N-glycosylation site prediction using bioinformatics tools. Two co-infection cases were detected: one involving Influenza A (H3N2) with SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron XFG lineage) and another involving Influenza A (H3N2) with Influenza B (Victoria lineage). Both patients experienced mild illness without hospitalisation. NGS revealed that the Influenza A (H3N2) viruses belonged to clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 while SARS-CoV-2 sequence was classified under the Omicron XFG lineage. Mutational analysis of the HA gene showed several amino acid differences compared to the reference vaccine strain A/Darwin/6/2021. N-glycosylation analysis predicted conserved sites at positions 79, 181, 262, and 301 in all strains along with an additional predicted site at position 110 in both co-infection cases. Although the co-infection cases presented with mild clinical manifestations, the observed genomic variations indicate a potential role of co-infecting viruses in shaping viral evolution. Given the limited genomic data available from Northeast India, the study underscores the need for sustained large scale follow up and genomic surveillance to monitor emerging mutations and target future vaccine strategies.