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The life and legacy of Dr. Carlton G. Smith.

Stiver Mikaela L ML, Agur Anne M R AMR

Carlton George Smith, M.Sc., M.D., Ph.D., R.C.N.V.R. (1905-2003) was a Canadian anatomist and professor at the University of Toronto. He was highly regarded as an outstanding teacher, cutting-edge neuroscience researcher, and accomplished author. Dr. Smith became a member of the AAA in 1938 and joined the prestigious Cajal Club in 1950. In 1942, he joined the Naval Medical Research Unit in Halifax, eventually becoming its Commanding Officer, where he assisted with landmark research related to naval and military operational barriers during World War II. This research further bolstered his interests in the neuroanatomical bases of the special senses. Dr. Smith pioneered 3-dimensional (3D) teaching of neuroanatomy long before the era of technological advancement, using geometrical forms to describe the anatomical relationships between pathways and structures of the central nervous system. His innovative and evidence-based approaches, based on meticulous dissections, providing the foundation for both simple line drawings and detailed illustrations that were incorporated into several neuroanatomy books. He later developed a series of plaster models with his wife, Marguerite "Rita" Harland Smith, that highlight the complex 3D relationships of the human brain, head, and neck. Dr. Smith and Rita's legacy lives on through the models he donated to medical schools across Canada and at the University of Toronto through the endowment of scholarships and lectures. This article will include notable milestones in Dr. Smith's life with an emphasis on his scholarly and educational contributions to the field of neuroanatomy.

Self-contained intraoperative surface acquisition on a mixed-reality headset: a comparison of sensor-based and learning-based reconstruction.

Xiang Bowen B, Miga Michael I MI

Purpose Mixed-reality (MR) surgical navigation requires an intraoperatively measured organ surface for deformable image-to-physical registration, yet commercial headsets often rely on manual stylus digitization or external sensors. This work evaluates whether Magic Leap 2 (ML2) onboard sensors can provide this surface without external hardware, and whether its depth sensor or an RGB learning-based reconstruction is more accurate. Methods Two paradigms were developed from identical ML2 input in a common SLAM-tracked frame. The first used the onboard short-range indirect time-of-flight (iToF) stream. The second recovered geometry from an RGB sweep using Depth Anything 3, with metric scale anchored by SLAM-tracked camera centers. Both were evaluated against optically tracked stylus ground truth on opaque plaster and translucent silicone liver phantoms, a surface-treated breast phantom, and an ex vivo porcine liver, with five runs per specimen. Sensor-based feasibility was also demonstrated in vivo on an anaesthetized pig. Results ML2 world-origin drift remained below 2 mm median across four perturbations, and the iToF sensor achieved approximately 2 mm absolute accuracy over 0.30-0.70 m. Accuracy depended on surface optics. The sensor-based method was more accurate on opaque plaster livers (RMSE 2.6 and 3.1 mm versus 4.7 and 5.0 mm), whereas the learning-based method was more accurate on translucent silicone livers (4.3 and 4.6 mm versus 4.8 and 5.3 mm). The sensor-based method also performed better on the sunscreen-coated breast phantom (2.9 versus 3.9 mm) and retained a modest advantage on the ex vivo porcine liver (4.2 versus 4.8 mm). In vivo, the sensor cloud showed a mean residual of 3.4 mm to its fitted surface. Conclusion A commercial MR headset can acquire intraoperative organ surfaces using onboard sensors alone. Sensor-based reconstruction is preferred when active depth returns are reliable, whereas RGB learning-based reconstruction is more robust to optical failure modes but requires adequate multi-view coverage.

Commentary: Clinical efficacy of a Chinese herbal gel plaster combined with manipulation for lumbar disc herniation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Kim Doori D, Lee Yoon Jae YJ, Ha In-Hyuk IH

Prevalence of Noncarious Cervical Lesions and Associated Factors After Orthodontic Treatment: A Long-Term Follow-Up.

da Silva Luz Simone S, de Castro Renata Cristina Faria Ribeiro RCFR, Flório Flávia Martão FM

The study aimed to evaluate the long-term occurrence of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in adults previously treated with fixed orthodontic appliances, considering tooth type, gingival phenotype, and the quality and stability of orthodontic treatment outcomes. This observational study included 41 adult patients with complete orthodontic records. Data were collected at three time points: T1, before orthodontic treatment; T2, immediately after removal of fixed appliances and placement of retainers; and T3, during a long-term follow-up visit. At T1 and T2, information was obtained from orthodontic records, plaster models, and intraoral photographs. At T3, patients underwent clinical examination and standardized intraoral photographs. The presence and number of NCCLs were assessed from photographs at the three time points. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was used to evaluate treatment outcomes and stability. Gingival phenotype and lower fixed retainer status were assessed at T3. Friedman's ANOVA was used for comparisons over time, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons according to retainer status and gingival phenotype, with a significance level of 5%. The mean interval was 2.5 years between T1 and T2 and 6.5 years between T2 and T3. The PAR index decreased significantly from T1 to T2 and remained stable from T2 to T3. The prevalence of patients with NCCLs was 24.4% at T1, 29.3% at T2, and 39.0% at T3. The number of teeth with NCCLs did not differ significantly between T1 and T2 but was higher at T3 than at T1 (p = 0.020). Premolars and molars were the most affected teeth. Patients with a thick gingival phenotype had fewer teeth with NCCLs than those with a thin phenotype at T1 and T2, but this difference was not statistically significant at T3. In this sample of adults previously treated with fixed orthodontic appliances, the frequency of NCCLs was higher at long-term follow-up, while orthodontic treatment outcomes remained stable according to the PAR index. Premolars and molars were the most frequently affected teeth. The findings should be interpreted cautiously because behavioral, biological, and clinical factors related to NCCLs were not assessed longitudinally.