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chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 chloral hydrate？

chloral hydrate 是一种小分子，由Hisamitsu研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Rectal。

药物档案

商品名Escre suppositories
公司Hisamitsu
药物类别小分子
给药途径Rectal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

治疗适应症

chloral hydrate 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedJournal of dairy science2026-08-04

Impact of food matrix on the activity of a phage-derived thermostable modular lytic enzyme against Salmonella in dairy products.

Kocot Aleksandra M AM, Rusinek Wojciech W, Majkowska Aleksandra A, Grimon Dennis D et al.

Food contamination remains a major challenge for the food industry, including the dairy sector. Rich and complex composition of milk provides an excellent environment for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, among which the most common bacterial contaminants include enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Salmonella spp. In this study we characterized the modular lytic enzyme MLE-19 obtained through modular engineering and its potential as an antibacterial agent to protect milk and dairy products against Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica PCM 2266. We demonstrated that MLE-19 with a catalytic domain of the thermostable endolysin Ph2119, exhibited high thermal stability with a Tm of 101.66°C. Furthermore, pre-treatment of MLE-19 under pasteurization conditions (80°C, 10 min) enhanced its anti-Salmonella activity compared with the unheated enzyme (reductions of 1.14 and 0.45 log units compared with the control), highlighting its applicability in the dairy industry. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MLE-19 against Salmonella cells was 100 µg/mL, and the presence of 0.5 mM EDTA reduced this value 4-fold (to 25 µg/mL). MLE-19 caused significant decreases in bacterial load at concentrations of 12.5 and 200 µg/mL for planktonic and biofilm cells, respectively. Food matrix represented by milk, yogurt and cottage cheese and external conditions such as temperature and duration had a variable impact on the protective activity of MLE-19. Significant reductions were observed in all food matrices with the most pronounced antibacterial effects in milk, where up to 3 log reduction when storing at 4°C and 20°C were achieved. We propose that the enzyme exhibited greater mobility in milk, enabling more efficient access to and degradation of Salmonella cells. Our findings identify the thermostable MLE-19 as a new promising agent for controlling Salmonella spp. in the dairy industry.

PMID 42547016
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PubMedJournal of dairy science2026-08-04

The impact of recent tuberculin skin testing on paratuberculosis antibody responses.

Ogden K K, Grove-White D D, Barden M M

There is a recognized interference between the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test used for bovine tuberculosis surveillance and the paratuberculosis milk ELISA. Current UK guidance recommends a minimum interval of 42-60 d between a SICCT test and a paratuberculosis milk ELISA. However, recent research suggested that the post-SICCT antibody response may be greater in cows at high risk of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) shedding (i.e, with an increased likelihood of shedding MAP in feces), leading to advisory guidance that high-prevalence herds could shorten the testing interval to improve ELISA sensitivity. If post-SICCT antibody increases also occur in cows not at high risk of MAP shedding, due to nonspecific cross-reactive stimulation rather than anamnestic MAP-specific responses, false-positive results would increase. This observational study aimed to evaluate the association between the SICCT-ELISA interval and the milk ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio, separately for case cows classified as high risk of MAP shedding and control cows, and to determine whether this association varied across herd-years with high (≥10%) and low (≤2%) annual paratuberculosis antibody prevalence. Individual cow milk ELISA records from 518 UK dairy herds (2012-2023; 1,226,709 tests from 340,839 cows) were matched to SICCT test records. Generalized additive models were fitted separately for case and control cows under 2 case definitions: the industry-standard MAP shedding risk classification (2 positive milk ELISA results in the previous 4 tests), and a more stringent progression-based definition requiring sustained positive or negative testing histories. Additional models were fitted using data from the high- and low-prevalence subsets. Apparent test performance characteristics were estimated across SICCT-ELISA intervals. Contrary to previous findings, both case and control cows exhibited similar antibody responses after a SICCT test, with S/P ratios peaking around 18-22 d in both groups. In the prevalence-stratified analyses, this increase in S/P ratios after the SICCT was observed in control cows from both high- and low-prevalence herd-years. At the 0-14 d SICCT-ELISA interval, apparent positive predictive value was lower compared with the 60-90 d reference across all prevalence levels: 50.8% vs 67.7% in high-prevalence herd-years, 57.4% vs 63.3% in medium-prevalence herd-years, and 39.1% vs 48.9% in low-prevalence herd-years. In high-prevalence herd-years, each additional true positive at this interval was associated with approximately 3.3 additional false positives, whereas in low- and medium-prevalence herd-years, there was no overall increase in true positives. Overall, these results do not support shortening the SICCT-ELISA testing interval below the current guidelines.

PMID 42547021
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PubMedCureus2026-08-03

Effectiveness of Reflex Integration Exercises on Sensory-Motor Outcomes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Bijle Marzia A MA, Malawade Mandar M

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition associated with impairments in sensory processing, motor coordination, and postural control. A prominent yet underappreciated contributor to these deficits is the persistence of primitive reflexes beyond the expected developmental timeline. Reflexes such as the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR), and tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) are brainstem-mediated automatisms that, under typical neurodevelopment, integrate within the first year of life. In children with ASD, their persistence disrupts voluntary motor control, sensory modulation, postural stability, and behavioral regulation, thereby amplifying functional limitations across daily activities. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured 12-week reflex integration exercise program on primitive reflex inhibition, motor proficiency, and sensory processing in children with ASD aged four to 10 years. Methods An experimental pre-post interventional design was employed with a sample of 27 children (mean age 6.69 ± 2.38 years; 74.1% male) diagnosed with mild to moderate ASD, recruited through convenience sampling from a single tertiary care pediatric physiotherapy setting. Participants underwent a structured 12-week reflex integration exercise program targeting the ATNR, STNR, and TLR, delivered across four sessions per week at progressive intensities through three distinct four-week phases. Outcome measures included the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) for motor outcomes; the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) encompassing Sensory and Behavior subscales for sensory outcomes; and the Sally Goddard Primitive Reflex Testing Protocol for reflex inhibition. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests, with Cohen's d computed to quantify effect size. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Post-intervention findings demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all outcome domains. Motor proficiency improved markedly, with BOT-2 scores increasing from a pre-intervention mean of 32.41 ± 5.38 to a post-intervention mean of 40.93 ± 4.50. Sensory processing difficulties decreased substantially, with SSP Sensory subscale scores reducing from 57.07 ± 6.29 to 44.67 ± 4.37 and SSP Behavior subscale scores declining from 82.37 ± 7.98 to 63.00 ± 7.50. Significant bilateral inhibition of retained reflexes was demonstrated for the ATNR, STNR, and TLR. Conclusion A structured 12-week reflex integration exercise program produced clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in motor proficiency, sensory processing, behavioral regulation, and primitive reflex inhibition in children with ASD aged four to 10 years. The large effect sizes observed across all outcome domains underscore the neurophysiological relevance of targeting retained primitive reflexes as a foundational mechanism for broader sensorimotor development in this population. These preliminary findings suggest that reflex integration exercises may hold promise as a therapeutic component in pediatric physiotherapy for children with ASD; however, randomized controlled trials with larger samples are warranted before definitive clinical recommendations can be made.

PMID 42544248
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PubMedDiscover nano2026-08-03

Bioinspired NiCoO2 nanocomposites derived from Moringa oleifera as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of pyrazolopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine with potent antimicrobial efficiency.

Kokare Prakash P, Kadam Avdhut A, More Ashwini A, Shinde Vijay V et al.

A green synthetic approach was developed for the preparation of a NiCoO₂ nanocomposite using an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized NiCoO₂ nanocomposite exhibited high crystallinity and measurable antimicrobial activity. Detailed characterization using XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR, BET, SEM, EDS, elemental mapping, and TEM analyses confirmed its crystalline structure, elemental composition, thermal stability, surface functional groups, and morphological features. The nanocomposite and the synthesized products were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, P. vulgaris, and S. typhimurium, demonstrating inhibitory effects against the tested microorganisms. The NiCoO₂ nanocomposite was also employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in a one-pot multicomponent condensation reaction of aldehydes, hydrazine hydrate, barbituric acid, and ethyl acetoacetate under ultrasonic conditions, affording pyrazolopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives in yields of up to 98% within short reaction times. The catalyst retained its activity over five consecutive cycles, indicating good recyclability. Furthermore, the synthesized heterocycles exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies revealed that all synthesized compounds (1-11) exhibited favorable binding affinities toward the 4COX enzyme, with docking scores higher than that of the reference drug indomethacin, suggesting their potential for further biological evaluation.

PMID 42545597
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PubMedPlanta2026-08-03

Introgression of teosinte branched1 gene from wild-progenitor enhances prolificacy in subtropically-adapted maize.

Hossain Firoz F, Zunjare Rajkumar Uttamrao RU, Chhabra Rashmi R, Gul Irum I et al.

Introgression of the tb1-T allele from teosinte into subtropically adapted maize inbreds led to an ~3-fold enhancement in prolificacy in reconstituted hybrids, underscoring its significant utility in baby corn breeding. Traditional maize generally possesses one ear per plant in contrast to >100 ears found in its wild relative - teosinte. The teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene has been identified as the master regulator for prolificacy (>1 ears per plant) in maize. So far, tb1 gene has not been introgressed into subtropical maize germplasm for enhancement of prolificacy using marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Here, tb1-T allele present in teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) has been introgressed into seven elite parental inbreds using molecular breeding. Seven inbreds with tb1-M allele were parents of nine popular maize hybrids. We developed an InDel functional marker (MGU-tb1-Hopscotch) that successfully differentiated the tb1-T (722 bp) allele from tb1-M (559 bp) allele, and used in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 generations. Severe segregation distortion of tb1 gene was observed in segregating generations across crosses. Background selection using 98-113 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) led to 90.2-97.9% recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG) among introgressed progenies. The introgressed inbreds possessed a mean of 2.79 (range: 2.27-3.47) ears per plant over 1.56 (range: 1.00-2.07) across recurrent parents. Multi-environment evaluation revealed that the reconstituted hybrids also possessed higher prolificacy (average: 3.22, range: 2.42-3.96) over their original hybrids (average: 1.30, range: 1.00-2.11). MABB-derived hybrids also showed higher prolificacy (2.52-fold) over their introgressed inbreds (1.79-folds). Improved inbreds and hybrids were at par with their original versions for morphological traits. No visible linkage drag was observed among the MABB-derived genotypes. These tb1-T-derived maize hybrids with higher prolificacy possess great potential especially in baby corn breeding. The present study highlighted the role of wild progenitors for genetic improvement in modern maize.

PMID 42545403
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PubMedEcology and evolution2026-08-02

MaxEnt Projections of Climate-Driven Distribution Shifts for Daphniphyllum calycinum in China.

Xiang Yangzhou Y, Li Suhang S, Yang Qiong Q, Liu Ying Y et al.

Understanding how climate change impacts species distribution is crucial for conservation and sustainable resource use. This study projects the distribution shifts of Daphniphyllum calycinum Benth., an ecologically and medicinally important tree species in China, under future climate scenarios using an optimized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. By integrating 323 occurrence records with 10 environmental variables, we applied a rigorous parameter optimization framework using the ENMeval R package to select optimal settings (regularization multiplier = 2.0, feature classes = HPT), thereby reducing overfitting and improving model transferability. The optimized MaxEnt model achieved high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.959, TSS = 0.8). Annual mean temperature (Bio1, 35.7%), precipitation of the driest month (Bio14, 33.7%), and annual precipitation (Bio12, 23.7%) were identified as the dominant environmental drivers influencing species distribution. Under current climate conditions, the total suitable habitat covers approximately 110.28 × 104 km2, primarily in southern China. Future projections under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP126, SSP370, SSP585) for the 2050s-2090s indicate a potential expansion of suitable habitat, with the largest gain under SSP585 (i.e., expanding to 161.64 × 104 km2 by the 2050s, representing a 46.6% increase relative to the current area). However, this net expansion is accompanied by localized habitat loss and, under certain scenarios, a declining proportion of highly suitable areas, revealing nuanced climate vulnerability. The distribution centroid is projected to shift northwestward by 96-140 km by the 2050s across scenarios, indicating a range shift toward higher latitudes and altitudes. Despite this overall expansion, localized habitat loss under higher emission scenarios reveals climate vulnerability, underscoring the need for proactive conservation in contraction zones. By integrating optimized model parameters with multi-scenario future projections, this study provides a robust methodological framework and offers spatially explicit guidance for prioritizing in situ conservation and sustainable cultivation of this valuable species under climate change.

PMID 42540409
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