metoclopramide (Gimoti / EVK 001 / EVK001)

Preclinical in vitro evaluation of a new nasal formulation combining xylometazoline and hyaluronic acid: Permeability and penetration analysis using an advanced characterized human nasal model.

Tratnjek Larisa L, Simic Laura L, Jerman Urška Dragin UD, Sušanj Ivan I et al.

A new nasal formulation combining xylometazoline, a well-established nasal decongestant, and hyaluronic acid (HA) at a 3 mg/ml concentration and low-molecular-weight has been developed as a topical product intended for use in viral acute rhinosinusitis, with the aim of relieving nasal congestion and supporting epithelial integrity. HA, a moisturizing component of respiratory secretions, has been shown to promote epithelial integrity, stimulate mucociliary clearance and support wound healing. As part of the drug development process, this study investigated the permeation and penetration properties of xylometazoline, and HA in the new formulation using a human nasal epithelium in vitro model. Results were compared to those of a xylometazoline mono-formulation and a well-established fixed-dose combination of xylometazoline and dexpanthenol. Morphological, ultrastructural and physiological analyses were performed to test nasal cells tolerability on prolonged drug exposure (6 h). HA in this new nasal formulation seems to be a component that exerts its effect mainly on the mucosal surface, which is the favoured site of action for topical products. HA was not detected in the basolateral compartment, consistent with retention at the mucosal surface. The results of our preclinical study do not indicate that the safety profile of xylometazoline would be altered by the addition of HA (or dexpanthenol). The barrier integrity of the in vitro human nasal epithelium was preserved across all tested formulations Nanoparticle endocytosis was absent. These findings, obtained in a healthy in vitro nasal epithelial model, provide a valuable foundation for subsequent evaluation of this formulation in human clinical studies.

Comparative Analysis of Septoplasty and Septorhinoplasty Using CFD techniques: Towards Personalized and Precision Nasal Surgery.

Míguez Marta Fernández MF, Pena Alberto Cabana AC, Antúnez Alejandro Pardo AP, Burgos Manuel Antonio MA et al.

Nasal obstruction is a common complaint in otolaryngology. Choosing between septoplasty or septorhinoplasty may be challenging due to anatomical variability. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a complementary, patient-specific tool enabling bilateral simulation and virtual planning, allowing simulation of post-surgical outcomes under physiological conditions. Virtual surgeries were performed on patients with nasal obstruction using Flowgy® software. For each patient, three anatomical models were simulated: baseline, virtual septoplasty, and virtual septorhinoplasty (with turbinoplasty when indicated). CFD analysis was used to assess pressure drop (ΔP), flow symmetry (Φ), and nasal resistance (R), among other airflow parameters. Comparative data were analysed to determine the functional impact of each intervention. In all five cases, septoplasty resulted in improvements in pressure drop ranging from 10.5% to 50.9%, as well as changes in resistance ranging from +2.98% to -64.3%. Septorhinoplasty provided additional functional gains in pressure (up to 44.8%) and resistance (up to 51%) in selected cases. Based on the analysis, surgical benefit thresholds were proposed: ≥30% improvement in ΔP or R from baseline to justify septoplasty, and ≥20-30% additional benefit over septoplasty to indicate septorhinoplasty. CFD analysis is a valuable adjunct in functional nasal surgery, enabling personalised decision-making. While not a substitute for clinical judgement, CFD-guided planning may enhance the selection of surgical strategy and reduce unnecessary interventions.

Metagenomic analysis reveals resistome characteristics and high-risk resistance genes in the pig nasal cavities, feces, and farm dust.

Yu Yangfan Y, Wu Hai H, Ji Honghu H, Hu Yuhan Y et al.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to global public health. Swine farms are critical AMR reservoirs. Comprehensive resistome profiling and risk assessment across pig-associated niches remain limited. Metagenomic analysis of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pig nasal cavities, feces, and farm dust was performed. Nasal and dust samples exhibited significantly increased ARG diversity and abundance compared with feces. We identified 78 potentially hazardous ARGs and proposed an improved risk classification framework integrating host promiscuity, mobility, and human health risks. These ARGs were classified into four risk levels: 25 Level I (current high risk), 25 Level II (potential future threats), 18 Level III (host-promiscuous but nonmobile), and 10 Level IV (host-specific). High-risk ARGs mainly confer aminoglycoside, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), and tetracycline resistance. Metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) analysis revealed that bacterial taxa enriched in ARGs were predominant in nasal and dust samples. Moreover, these environments presented higher mobile genetic element (MGE) abundance and similar ARG-MGE co-occurrence patterns. Notably, 74.12% of the mobile ARGs were predicted to be plasmid-borne, and these ARGs tended to be assigned higher health risk levels than chromosomal ARGs. These findings provide a practical framework for ARG risk assessment and highlight the nasal cavity and dust as underappreciated but important AMR reservoirs in pig farms.

Contemporary algorithm for nasal septal perforation repair.

Moreno Ramon R, Santamaría Alfonso A, Harvey Richard R, Alobid Isam I