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spironolactone (Spiroderm)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · NR3C2 · 小分子

什么是 spironolactone？

spironolactone 是一种小分子，由Merck KGaA研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical。

药物档案

商品名Spiroderm
公司Merck KGaA
药物类别小分子
分子靶点NR3C2, SCNN1A
给药途径Topical
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

作用机制

分子靶点

spironolactone 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

NR3C2nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2VIT, MR)
SCNN1Asodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha (SCNEA, BESC2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

spironolactone 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersAcne✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedVeterinary ophthalmology2026-06-13

Topical Mitomycin C Chemotherapy After Surgical Resection of Conjunctival Amelanotic Melanoma in a Dog.

Ahn Junyeong J, Sung Koangyong K, Jang Minwoo M, Seo Kangmoon K et al.

To describe the clinical course and outcome of adjuvant topical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy following incomplete resection of a conjunctival amelanotic melanoma in a dog. A 15-year-old spayed-female Shih Tzu presented with a conjunctival mass in the right eye (OD). Ophthalmic and physical examinations, along with computed tomography results, confirmed that the tumor was confined to the conjunctiva and showed no systemic metastases. However, the mass had spread throughout the bulbar conjunctiva and third eyelid OD. A conjunctival mass involving the bulbar conjunctiva and the bulbar surface of the third eyelid of the OD was surgically debulked after the owners declined exenteration. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed malignant amelanotic melanoma with incomplete surgical margins. Adjuvant topical chemotherapy with 0.04% MMC ophthalmic solution was administered four times daily for one month following conjunctival healing. During topical MMC therapy, superficial corneal epithelial defects and conjunctival hyperemia developed, which resolved after discontinuation of the medication. Reduced tear production was noted during long-term follow-up and was managed with topical cyclosporine. No clinical evidence of local tumor recurrence was observed during the 14-month postoperative follow-up period, based on physical and ophthalmic examinations. In this case of conjunctival amelanotic melanoma with incomplete surgical excision, adjuvant topical MMC therapy was associated with the absence of clinically detectable local recurrence during long-term follow-up. Topical MMC may represent a potential globe-preserving adjuvant treatment option in selected cases of incompletely excised conjunctival melanoma; however, further studies are required to better define its efficacy and safety.

PMID 42287074
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PubMedMed (New York, N.Y.)2026-06-13

Diabetic retinal disease: Five trials to watch.

Khan Hannah H, Aziz Aamir A AA, Khanani Arshad M AM, Sivaprasad Sobha S

Diabetic retinal disease remains a leading cause of vision loss, with current treatment limited by frequent injections and poor adherence. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating topical therapies, sustained delivery systems, and gene therapy as alternatives to current gold standard treatments. The field is shifting toward earlier, more personalized, and more durable disease-modifying strategies.

PMID 42285040
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PubMedFacial plastic surgery : FPS2026-06-13

Non-Surgical Hair Restoration Options: Current Techniques and Emerging Technologies in Prejuvenation.

Paul Benjamin Curman BC

Aims and Backgrounds: Hair loss is a highly prevalent condition, and patients are increasingly seeking pre-junvination and restoration. This review evaluates contemporary non-surgical hair restoration modalities. Therapeutic strategies have evolved from topical vasodilators to targeted hormonal, regenerative, and device-based interventions reflecting advances in our understanding of follicular biology and technology. Hair follicle cycling is regulated by dermal papilla signaling, epithelial stem cells, and perifollicular vascular and inflammatory environments. Non-surgical therapies include oral and topical pharmacologics, hormonal therapies, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), microneedling, peptide-based treatments, exososomes, nutraceuticals, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), lasers, and transdermal delivery systems. Appropriate candidates include patients with androgenetic alopecia and other non-scarring alopecias; accurate diagnosis is critical. Combination therapy is increasingly utilized to target multiple biologic pathways. Post Operative Care: Minimal downtime is expected; long-term adherence is required. Current and Future Development: Emerging therapies include exosome-based treatments, peptides, and advanced drug delivery platforms. Non-surgical modalities are central to prejuvenation and can delay or complement surgical intervention when appropriately applied.

PMID 42285172
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PubMedActa tropica2026-06-13

Effectiveness of Mosquito Repellents for Human: A Systematic Review of Human-Based Studies.

Faridah Lia L, Nurhakim Radja Azis RA, Astuti Raden Roro Upiek Ngesti Wibawaning RRUNW, Melanie et al.

Mosquito repellents are personal protection tools against mosquito-borne diseases, but their effectiveness varies across active ingredients, formulations, and mosquito species. This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidance to summarize human studies published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated mosquito repellents delivered as topical application, wearable devices, spatial products, or treated clothing. Searches in Scopus and PubMed identified 1,287 records, of which 19 met eligibility criteria. Data on complete protection time (CPT), repellency rate, safety, formulation type, and target species were synthesized descriptively because of methodological heterogeneity. Synthetic repellents, particularly DEET-based products in lotions or ointments, consistently provided the longest CPT, often five to nine hours, with repellency frequently approaching or exceeding 80-100% and no reports of adverse skin reactions. Natural repellents based on essential oils such as citronella, lemon eucalyptus, neem, and lemongrass usually achieve shorter CPT, commonly two to four hours. However, technologies such as microencapsulation and nanoemulsions improved performance in some formulations. Wearable products such as insecticide-treated clothing and spatial repellents demonstrated value as complementary measures in high-transmission settings. Synthetic topical repellents remain the most reliable option for prolonged protection, while optimized plant-based products may serve as safer alternatives for short-term or adjunctive use.

PMID 42285396
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PubMedToxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA2026-06-13

Preclinical in vitro evaluation of a new nasal formulation combining xylometazoline and hyaluronic acid: Permeability and penetration analysis using an advanced characterized human nasal model.

Tratnjek Larisa L, Simic Laura L, Jerman Urška Dragin UD, Sušanj Ivan I et al.

A new nasal formulation combining xylometazoline, a well-established nasal decongestant, and hyaluronic acid (HA) at a 3 mg/ml concentration and low-molecular-weight has been developed as a topical product intended for use in viral acute rhinosinusitis, with the aim of relieving nasal congestion and supporting epithelial integrity. HA, a moisturizing component of respiratory secretions, has been shown to promote epithelial integrity, stimulate mucociliary clearance and support wound healing. As part of the drug development process, this study investigated the permeation and penetration properties of xylometazoline, and HA in the new formulation using a human nasal epithelium in vitro model. Results were compared to those of a xylometazoline mono-formulation and a well-established fixed-dose combination of xylometazoline and dexpanthenol. Morphological, ultrastructural and physiological analyses were performed to test nasal cells tolerability on prolonged drug exposure (6 h). HA in this new nasal formulation seems to be a component that exerts its effect mainly on the mucosal surface, which is the favoured site of action for topical products. HA was not detected in the basolateral compartment, consistent with retention at the mucosal surface. The results of our preclinical study do not indicate that the safety profile of xylometazoline would be altered by the addition of HA (or dexpanthenol). The barrier integrity of the in vitro human nasal epithelium was preserved across all tested formulations Nanoparticle endocytosis was absent. These findings, obtained in a healthy in vitro nasal epithelial model, provide a valuable foundation for subsequent evaluation of this formulation in human clinical studies.

PMID 42285446
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PubMedBMJ open2026-06-13

Randomised, double-blind clinical trial protocol to evaluate whether early and perioperative tranexamic acid administration reduces transfusion rates and blood loss of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery in Spain.

Arrieta Josu J, De La Herran Gaspar G, Mínguez Cabeza Luis Angel LA, Fernández González María Isabel MI et al.

In patients with a hip fracture, anaemia has been associated with increased transfusion requirements, poor functional outcomes, prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality. While anaemia in elderly patients with hip fractures has traditionally been attributed to bleeding during or after surgery, many of these patients are anaemic on hospital admission. Thus, detecting and managing anaemia in the perioperative, postoperative and, most significantly, the preoperative period is important to avoid the need for blood transfusions and to improve patient outcomes. The protocol for this clinical trial is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of both combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) therapy, or topical administration alone, assessing its effect on blood loss and the need for blood transfusions in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. This is a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients of both sexes, aged ≥65 years, who are admitted to the emergency department and will undergo hip fracture surgery are eligible for enrolment. Eligible patients who provide their consent will be stratified according to the type of fracture (intracapsular and extracapsular) and whether or not they are suitable for intravenous TXA therapy, and they will then be randomly allocated to receive either TXA or a placebo. The primary outcome is the blood transfusion rate from patient admission to the emergency department until discharge, while the secondary outcomes include: the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative haemoglobin and haematocrit levels; the preoperative and postoperative occult and total blood loss; the mean length of hospital stay; and any adverse events assessed for up to 1 year after patient discharge. The study was approved by the Basque Country Ethics Committee (Ref.: 2021012) and the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Healthcare Products (Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios). All participants will provide their written informed consent prior to study inclusion. The trial's results, regardless of its outcomes, will be disseminated through presentations at scientific conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals, and they will be made publicly available through the European Union Clinical Trials Register after the end of the clinical trial. EudraCT Number 2020-002144-23; EUCT Number 2024-519349-31-00.

PMID 42285569
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