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salbutamol (Proventil HFA / Epaq / Airomir)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · ADRB2 · 小分子

什么是 salbutamol?

salbutamol 是一种小分子,由Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.研发。该药已获批,用于治疗相关适应症,给药途径:Inhaled、Topical。

药物档案

商品名Proventil HFA, Epaq, Airomir
公司Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点ADRB2
给药途径Inhaled, Topical
状态Approved

作用机制

分子靶点

salbutamol 作用于 1 个分子靶点:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
需要更深入的分析?Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

salbutamol 针对 3 个适应症,涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersBronchitis chronic✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersEmphysema✓ Approved

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Review: advancements in fibrous aerosol filtration across experimental analysis, numerical modeling, and fabrication technologies.

Zaid Mirza Muhammad MM, Kumar Ashish Ranjan AR, Kakoria Ashish A, Zheng Lina L et al.

The increasing incidence of aerosol-related pulmonary diseases has intensified the need for efficient fibrous filtration technologies capable of capturing ultrafine particles with low pressure drop. Although nonwoven fibrous filters are widely used in medical, industrial, and ventilation systems, their complex internal structures and multiscale transport mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This review examines the theoretical foundations of aerosol filtration, including single-fiber capture mechanisms and the concept of the most penetrating particle size. In addition, electrostatic interactions, including charge generation, transport, and stability, are incorporated to extend conventional mechanical filtration frameworks. Particular attention is given to flow-particle interactions within fibrous media. We then discuss current approaches for constructing three-dimensional representations of filter structures and highlight how structural assumptions influence the reliability of numerical simulations. Computational fluid dynamics modeling, particle tracking, deposition modeling, and clogging simulations are critically evaluated, with emphasis on commonly adopted assumptions such as homogeneity and steady-state flow. Experimental methodologies for filtration testing are also reviewed, including aerosol generation, particle measurement, and pressure-drop characterization. Instrumentation limitations and measurement uncertainties are discussed. Finally, recent advances in fiber fabrication techniques, including electrospinning, meltblowing, bubble electrospinning, and supersonic solution blowing, are summarized. These fabrication approaches are further analyzed through a material-process-performance perspective, linking fiber morphology and charge behavior to filtration efficiency. The interplay between structural parameters, operating conditions, and aerosol characteristics is analyzed to clarify their combined influence on filtration performance. By identifying unresolved modeling limitations and discrepancies between theoretical predictions and real-world conditions, this review highlights key gaps in current understanding. It integrates filtration theory, electrostatic effects, and fabrication-induced material properties into a unified framework. This approach enables more predictive design of next-generation fibrous filters.

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PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry. A2026-08-06

Perfluoroalkyl Substances Reshape Phase-Separated Morphologies of Atmospheric Organic-Inorganic Aerosols: Dependence on Perfluorocarbon Chain Length and Functional Group.

Zhou Min M, Zhou Yiyang Y, Li Qiong Q, Zhu Wenyong W et al.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in environmental matrices. Owing to their persistence and biotoxicity, research attention and regulatory efforts have primarily focused on their atmospheric fate and associated human health risks. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding their influence on aerosol physicochemical properties and related geochemical processes, particularly phase transitions and particle morphology. In this study, we investigated the phase transition behavior and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) morphology of ternary mixed particles consisting of 1,2,6-hexanetriol, ammonium sulfate, and PFAS. Ultrashort-chain PFAS such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, nC = 2) maintained a core-shell LLPS morphology due to relatively weak surface activity. The addition of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, nC = 4) shifted the morphology from core-shell to partial engulfing, whereas systems containing perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS, nC = 4) further evolved to inverse core-shell structures at high PFBS fractions. Long-chain PFAS, i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, nC = 8) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, nC = 8), induced partial engulfing structures at relatively low fractions, while higher fractions did not result in inverse core-shell morphology. Surface tension measurements indicate that the observed LLPS morphological evolution is consistent with the surface activity of PFAS in the phase-separated organic and inorganic phases, which depends on perfluorocarbon chain length and functional group. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory effects of PFAS on the LLPS morphology of atmospheric organic-inorganic biphasic systems. The results also help clarify the associated aerosol physicochemical properties and aerosol-chemistry-climate interactions.

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PubMedAmerican journal of infection control2026-08-06

Carbon dioxide monitoring and other practical tools to investigate infection prevention issues associated with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems: You can't improve what you don't measure.

Donskey Curtis J CJ

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems play an essential role in minimizing the risk for transmission of airborne pathogens. A basic understanding of how HVAC systems work and of tools that are available to assess their performance is essential for infection prevention. The published English literature was searched for articles on use of practical tools to assess ventilation and airflow and their application to address infection prevention issues related to health care HVAC systems. Carbon dioxide monitoring is an inexpensive, easy-to-use tool that provides rapid information on the quality of ventilation and the efficacy of interventions. Clearance of aerosol particles provides supplemental information on ventilation and devices that emit smoke or condensed moisture show patterns of airflow. Multiple publications have demonstrated the use of these tools to evaluate ventilation and airflow patterns and assess the impact of interventions. Several practical tools are available to assess ventilation and patterns of airflow. These tools can be used to develop effective interventions to reduce the risk for airborne transmission of pathogens.

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Mitochondrial Mechanisms in the Potential Male Reproductive Toxicity of E-Cigarette-Derived Metal-Containing Nanoparticles.

Sailis Ardie Barry AB

E-cigarette devices emit ultrafine metal-containing particles from heating coils, solder joints, and other wetted components, but their reproductive toxicology remains poorly defined. This review integrates evidence from aerosol chemistry, nanoparticle toxicology, and male reproductive biology to evaluate whether these particles may contribute to male reproductive dysfunction through mitochondrial injury. E-cigarette aerosols can contain nanoscale and ultrafine particles bearing chromium, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, tin, and lead. These particles may deposit in the distal lung and, based on broader nanoparticle toxicokinetics, could enter the systemic circulation. However, direct particle-resolved evidence of their accumulation in testicular tissue is currently absent. Mechanistic evidence therefore derives mainly from engineered nanoparticle and soluble-metal models. These studies indicate that metal exposure can disrupt blood-testis barrier integrity, impair Sertoli- and Leydig-cell function, alter steroidogenesis, damage germ cells, and reduce sperm quality. Mitochondria represent a plausible point of convergence because particle- and ion-mediated mechanisms can promote mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, respiratory dysfunction, mitochondrial DNA damage, altered fusion-fission balance, defective mitophagy, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. These pathways provide a biologically plausible framework linking inhaled metal-containing particles to impaired spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, without establishing causality under realistic vaping conditions. Future studies should combine inhalation-relevant exposure models with particle-resolved biodistribution, dosimetry, and mechanistic reproductive endpoints to determine whether these pathways operate following e-cigarette exposure.

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PubMedEnvironmental research, health : ERH2026-08-06

Prevalence of hypertension and cross-sectional associations between household air pollution exposure and blood pressure among children in rural Rwanda.

Sewor Christian C, Tanner Ky K, Cleveland Vincent V, Young Bonnie N BN et al.

Household air pollution (HAP) contributes to the global cardiovascular disease burden. Early life exposures may impact future disease risk; however, evidence of HAP's impact on blood pressure (BP) among children in low-resource settings is limited. We assessed baseline cross-sectional associations between personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) and children's (8-15 years) systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) from the Sustainable Household Energy Adoption in Rwanda study. We enrolled 626 households in rural Eastern Rwanda that used traditional biomass fuels for cooking. Children wore Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Samplers for 48 h monitoring of personal exposure, followed by BP measurement using standard protocols. Multiple linear regression was used to characterize associations between PM2.5 and BC exposure and BP in separate models; effect modification by age and sex was evaluated. Among 622 children (mean age = 11.8 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.1; males = 303, females = 319), the average SBP and DBP were 105.8 mmHg (SD = 10.0) and 68.3 mmHg (SD = 7.6), respectively. BP percentiles were higher than those in a US reference population (e.g. 59.0% and 85.5% had SBP and DBP percentiles >50th, respectively; 24% were classified as having elevated BP and/or were hypertensive, defined as ⩾90th percentile). The median 48 h PM2.5 and BC concentrations were 192.9 µg m-3 (25th percentile [Q1] = 119.7, 75th percentile [Q3] = 336.0) and 9.85 µg m-3 (Q1 = 6.56, Q3 = 13.23), respectively. We did not observe evidence of associations between HAP and BP levels (e.g. PM2.5-SBP = 0.51 mmHg per interquartile range [IQR, 211.7 μg m-3] increase, 95% confidence interval: -0.46, 1.49). We did not observe clear evidence of effect modification. Exposures well above international health-based guidelines may have limited our ability to observe associations if the true exposure-response is flat in that part of the global exposure continuum. Importantly, our BP data suggest an elevated cardiovascular disease burden among children in this low-resource setting compared to in the US, demonstrating a need for more research and the development of more appropriate reference data in these settings. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05668624.

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Inhaled aerosol dosimetry update.

Phalen Robert F RF, Darquenne Chantal C, Oakes Jessica J, Golshahi Laleh L et al.

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