timolol (Timpilo / timolol, ophthalmic)

Performance of large language models for ophthalmic literature retrieval.

Paris Jai J, Kleinig Oliver O, Agarwal Ayushi A, Chan Weng Onn WO et al.

Accuracy of ophthalmic referral diagnoses by non-ophthalmologists in acute eye care: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cunha Gil Luis L, Powis Anaya A, Wilson Helen H, Thampy Reshma R et al.

Ophthalmic complaints account for a substantial proportion of presentations to emergency and acute eye care services, yet initial assessment or referral is frequently performed by non-ophthalmologist healthcare professionals. Previous single-centre studies suggest that one-third of referrals are incorrectly diagnosed, potentially delaying appropriate management of vision-threatening conditions. However, the overall magnitude of diagnostic error and patterns of misdiagnosis across healthcare settings remain unclear. This study aims to systematically review and synthesise the evidence on the diagnostic concordance of ophthalmic referral diagnoses made by non-ophthalmologists in acute eye care. A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidance and registered with PROSPERO. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and the Cochrane CENTRAL database will be searched from inception to April 2025. Studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of referrals made by non-ophthalmologist healthcare professionals in emergency or acute eye care settings will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, extract data and assess risk of bias using the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2) framework adapted for referral-diagnosis studies. The primary outcome will be diagnostic concordance between referral and final ophthalmologist diagnosis. Where appropriate, pooled concordance proportions will be synthesised using a random-effects meta-analysis. Condition-specific 2×2 diagnostic accuracy analyses will only be undertaken where valid binary target conditions and sufficient denominators are reported. Heterogeneity will be assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I² statistic with subgroup analyses exploring differences by referring clinician type and anatomical location of ophthalmic pathology. Ethical approval is not required for this study as it will synthesise data from previously published studies; findings will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at relevant academic conferences. CRD420261352717.

Topical Mitomycin C Chemotherapy After Surgical Resection of Conjunctival Amelanotic Melanoma in a Dog.

Ahn Junyeong J, Sung Koangyong K, Jang Minwoo M, Seo Kangmoon K et al.

To describe the clinical course and outcome of adjuvant topical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy following incomplete resection of a conjunctival amelanotic melanoma in a dog. A 15-year-old spayed-female Shih Tzu presented with a conjunctival mass in the right eye (OD). Ophthalmic and physical examinations, along with computed tomography results, confirmed that the tumor was confined to the conjunctiva and showed no systemic metastases. However, the mass had spread throughout the bulbar conjunctiva and third eyelid OD. A conjunctival mass involving the bulbar conjunctiva and the bulbar surface of the third eyelid of the OD was surgically debulked after the owners declined exenteration. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed malignant amelanotic melanoma with incomplete surgical margins. Adjuvant topical chemotherapy with 0.04% MMC ophthalmic solution was administered four times daily for one month following conjunctival healing. During topical MMC therapy, superficial corneal epithelial defects and conjunctival hyperemia developed, which resolved after discontinuation of the medication. Reduced tear production was noted during long-term follow-up and was managed with topical cyclosporine. No clinical evidence of local tumor recurrence was observed during the 14-month postoperative follow-up period, based on physical and ophthalmic examinations. In this case of conjunctival amelanotic melanoma with incomplete surgical excision, adjuvant topical MMC therapy was associated with the absence of clinically detectable local recurrence during long-term follow-up. Topical MMC may represent a potential globe-preserving adjuvant treatment option in selected cases of incompletely excised conjunctival melanoma; however, further studies are required to better define its efficacy and safety.

Therapeutic applications of gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 in the posterior segment: Review of the literature.

Leon Agudelo J A JA, Martínez Vallejo H H

CRISPR-Cas gene editing has become increasingly relevant in the treatment of several ophthalmic diseases. Its ability to make precise modifications at the DNA or RNA level has enabled targeted approaches for specific mutations involved in conditions such as Leber congenital amaurosis type 10 (LCA10), certain forms of retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. This article provides an organized overview of the biological basis of CRISPR-Cas technology and highlights key advances from preclinical studies and early clinical trials. Technical limitations and ongoing safety challenges are also discussed. Programs such as EDIT-101, EDIT-103, and HG202 stand out as important milestones in the evolution of ocular gene editing.