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mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR / Adderall, Microtrol / MAS XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · SLC18A2 · 小分子

什么是 mixed amphetamine salts extended release？

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 是一种小分子，由Shire研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)。

药物档案

商品名Adderall XR, Adderall, Microtrol, MAS XR
公司Shire
药物类别小分子
分子靶点SLC18A2
给药途径Oral (PO)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

作用机制

分子靶点

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

SLC18A2solute carrier family 18 member A2 (SVMT, VAT2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Psychiatric disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedMolecular nutrition & food research2026-08-05

High Methoxyl Pectin Consistently Reduces β-Carotene Bioaccessibility Across Various Gastrointestinal Digestion Conditions.

Shukla Anushka A, Schleeh Thomas T, Borel Patrick P, Desmarchelier Charles C et al.

Dietary fiber could inhibit β-carotene bioaccessibility by restricting its release from the food matrix, interfering with digestive enzyme activities, binding bile salts, or modifying viscosity and other physicochemical properties of the digesta. In this study, we investigated whether high methoxyl pectin (HMP), a soluble dietary fiber found in fruits/vegetables and an additive for the food industry would impact β-carotene bioaccessibility under various physiological digestive conditions, following the INFOGEST gastrointestinal model. Concentrations of pancreatin plus bile salts and shear forces (simulated by varying water bath rounds/min. and glass bead addition) were modified in the presence (1.15 mg/mL digesta) and absence of HMP. Endpoints measured in the digesta included β-carotene bioaccessibility, surface tension, viscosity, micelle size, zeta potential, and triglyceride lipolysis. Adding HMP reduced overall bioaccessibility of β-carotene from 32.1±6.2% to 24.1±5.7% (p<0.001). All other parameters also had a significant impact on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene, that is, bile/pancreatin concentration (p<0.001), water bath shaking speed (p<0.001), and glass beads (p = 0.001). Surface tension, viscosity, and micelle size were less strongly affected by HMP addition (p<0.05), though not triglyceride lipolysis. The inhibitory effect of HMP varied depending on bile/pancreatin concentration and shear-forces, with strongest reductions when β-carotene bioaccessibility was highest at onset.

PMID 42554025
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PubMedFuture medicinal chemistry2026-08-05

From design to functionality of ionic-liquid-related salts: DNA titration, antioxidants, and anticancer activities.

Ali Salim S, Hsieh Ming-Fa MF, Su Zheng-Yuan ZY, Messali Mouslim M et al.

To develop effective functional ionic-liquid-related salts (ILRSs) as future anticancer drugs. Twelve imidazole-based ionic-liquid-related salts were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. These ILRSs were used to study the antioxidant and anticancer activities, DNA titration, modeling, and in-silico studies. Among 12 ILRSs, ILRSs 5 and 4 indicated superior activities, showing higher scavenging percentages (70.7% and 65.5%) and lower IC50 values than the standard ascorbic acid. ILRSs 5 and 4 showed the most effective activities with MCF-7 cells, with viability values of 52.17% and 53.67% at 10 µM and IC50 values of 10.87 and 11.03 µM, respectively. DNA-binding studies showed moderate to strong interactions with Ct-DNA (binding constants: 104 to 105 M-1). The modeling studies of compounds A and B with DNA confirmed one hydrogen bond with -8.7 and -8.2 kcal/mol binding affinities. The reported ILRSs 5 and 4 showed good antioxidant and anticancer activities and may be used as future anticancer drugs.

PMID 42552900
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PubMedJournal of fluorescence2026-08-05

Engineering Mono- to Trimetallic Nanoclusters for Next-Generation Luminescence Sensing of Narcotic Drugs.

Paria Shashikana S, Nayak Nijeshree N, Maity Prasenjit P

Monometallic, bimetallic, and trimetallic fluorescent nanoclusters (NCs) stabilized by lysozyme (Lyz), glutathione (GSH), and 4-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were synthesized using gold (Au), silver (Ag), and cadmium (Cd) via a simple chemical route. Among the synthesized NCs, the trimetallic systems demonstrated superior photoluminescent and sensing properties. Specifically, the quantum yields of AuAgCd-Lyz and AuAgCd-GSH nanoclusters were determined to be 1.42% and 2.09%, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that trimetallic NCs exhibited significantly enhanced sensitivity in the detection of the narcotic drugs amphetamine and morphine, supported by distinct differences in their photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes. Furthermore, AuAgCd-Lyz clusters outperformed their GSH- and MPA-stabilized counterparts, which is attributed to weaker Au-amide interactions compared to the stronger Au-thiol bonds, allowing for more favorable analyte-cluster interactions. Binding constant values calculated using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation were found to be Ka = 5.82 × 10³ M⁻¹ for amphetamine and 7.89 × 10³ M⁻¹ for morphine. These findings establish trimetallic nanoclusters, particularly those stabilized by lysozyme, as highly effective and selective fluorescent probes for drug sensing, surpassing the capabilities of mono- and bimetallic analogues. TOC GRAPHICS.

PMID 42552461
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PubMedRSC advances2026-08-05

DoE-oriented optimization of a chitosan-based nanoemulgel of clobetasol propionate for therapeutic intervention in psoriasis.

Prajapati Shiv Kumar SK, Lashkari Deepa D, Acharya Sweta S, Bajpai Meenakshi M et al.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease caused by immune-mediated inflammation. Clobetasol propionate (Cp), a steroid, reduces inflammation by binding the glucocorticoid receptor. This study aimed to optimize a Cp-loaded nanoemulsion (Cp-NE) with a focus on its cytocompatibility with HaCaT keratinocytes and physicochemical stability during storage. Optimization was performed using a Box-Behnken design. Cp-NE was loaded into a chitosan gel to prolong skin retention. The formulations were analyzed for globule size, PDI, ZP, and viscosity. In vitro, drug release and skin permeability were also assessed. The optimized Cp-NE had a globule size of 122 nm, a %EE of 89%, a PDI of 0.508, and a ZP of -28 mV. The Cp-NE gel had a pH of 6.13 and a viscosity of 6799 cps, making it suitable for topical use. In vitro, free Cp released 91% within 2 h; Cp-NE released 83.4% at 12 h, indicating sustained release, which was further extended in chitosan gel. The release followed Higuchi kinetics, confirming diffusion control. Skin permeation was higher with the Cp-NE gel than with the free drug. Cytocompatibility tests showed higher cell viability for Cp-NE. Cytokine assays in HaCaT cells showed significant reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α with Cp-NE and Cp-NE gel, indicating anti-inflammatory potential. MTT assays confirmed biocompatibility, supporting transdermal use. The results suggest that chitosan nanoemulsions improve drug delivery and biocompatibility and reduce inflammation. Stability studies showed excellent stability at 5 ± 3 °C and 25 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% RH. The Cp-NE gel exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, sustained release, enhanced skin permeation, and stability, highlighting its potential for psoriasis treatment.

PMID 42553442
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PubMedFrontiers in psychology2026-08-05

Compassion-based positive psychology group intervention (CB-PPGI) for individuals with personality disorders awaiting intensive treatment: a mixed-methods study of preliminary outcomes and acceptability.

Hulskotte Amber A, Franken Katinka K, Huijbregts Klaas K, Ten Klooster Peter M PM et al.

A compassion-based positive psychology group intervention (CB PPGI) is a promising approach to supporting personal recovery and mental wellbeing in individuals with severe mental health difficulties. This mixed-methods study examined the preliminary outcomes and acceptability of an 8-week CB PPGI in 18 adults with personality disorders (PD) awaiting intensive treatment. Mental wellbeing, psychological distress, and personality functioning were assessed across five time points up to 3 months post-intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with participants (n = 16, including dropouts) and therapists (n = 3) to evaluate acceptability. Retention at the 3-month follow-up was 67% (12/18 participants). From baseline to follow-up, participation in the CB PPGI was associated with substantial reductions in psychological distress (BSI, d = -1.12) and improvements in personality functioning (SIPP-SF, d = 0.74). Positive mental health showed a moderate but non-significant increase over time (MHC-SF total score, d = 0.50). Emotional wellbeing improved significantly (d = 0.60), and psychological wellbeing showed a similar magnitude of improvement (d = 0.60), whereas social wellbeing did not (d = 0.22). Thematically analyzed qualitative interviews with participants (n = 16, including dropouts) and therapists (n = 3) indicated that the intervention was generally perceived as acceptable. The group format, strengths-based focus, and therapist support were particularly valued, although participants suggested improvements in pacing, session length, and content. Overall, the CB PPGI appears to be an acceptable and potentially valuable strengths-based intervention for individuals with PD awaiting intensive treatment. However, conclusions regarding effectiveness are limited by the uncontrolled single-arm design. Further controlled studies with larger samples and extended follow-up periods are needed to evaluate effectiveness and broader feasibility.

PMID 42553866
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PubMedChemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society2026-08-05

Engineering Small-Molecule Proton-Transfer Ferroelectrics by Crystal Structure Prediction: Design Limits at the Salt-Cocrystal Boundary.

Seyedraoufi S S, Hewitt Owen D W ODW, Coles Simon J SJ, Day Graeme M GM et al.

Organic molecular ferroelectrics hold significant potential in organic electronics due to their chemical tunability and straightforward fabrication methods. Among these, acid-base proton-transfer (PT) salts are notable for their low coercive fields and fast switching capabilities but are limited by relatively low spontaneous polarization. Using smaller molecular species can in principle increase the polarization, but requires both stabilization of the monovalent salt state and crystal packing that supports ferroelectric PT pathways. Using a crystal-structure prediction (CSP)-based design combined with density functional theory (DFT), we investigate 30 combinations of molecular acids and bases aimed at enhancing the dipole density. We identified several crystal structures with PT-capable hydrogen-bonding networks, and in our initial DFT ranking, three candidate ferroelectric packings and one antiferroelectric. Subsequent experimental work on two representative systems, while confirming the ability of CSP to predict PT-capable packing motifs, found neutral cocrystals rather than the desired monovalent salts supporting ferroelectricity. More detailed computational analysis traced the disparity to the relative stability of protonation states, which is strongly sensitive to the exchange-correlation functional and to vibrational zero-point energy contributions. Thus, while our CSP study correctly identified proton-transfer crystal packing motifs, it failed at the level of protonation-state stability, which we found to be strongly influenced by exchange-correlation choice and vibrational free energy.

PMID 42553786
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