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spironolactone

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · NR3C2 · 小分子

什么是 spironolactone？

spironolactone 是一种小分子，由Pfizer, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)。

药物档案

公司Pfizer, Inc.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点NR3C2, SCNN1A
给药途径Oral (PO)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

作用机制

分子靶点

spironolactone 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

NR3C2nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2VIT, MR)
SCNN1Asodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha (SCNEA, BESC2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

spironolactone 针对 3 个适应症，涉及 3 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Cardiac disordersCardiac failure✓ Approved
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved
General disorders and administration site conditionsOedema due to cardiac disease✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedBMC oral health2026-06-13

Latent class analysis of oral frailty among community-dwelling older adults: functional profiles and associated factors.

Li Yulian Y, Zhu Qian Q, Zheng Feng F, Guo Jialing J et al.

Oral frailty, characterized by multidimensional declines in oral function, perception, and behavior, has emerged as an important concern in geriatric oral health. However, population heterogeneity in oral frailty among community-dwelling older adults remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify latent oral frailty subtypes using latent class analysis (LCA) and to examine factors associated with class membership. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 252 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years in Fujian Province, China. Oral frailty was assessed using the Oral Frailty Index (OFI-8). Latent class analysis(LCA) was applied to item-level OFI-8 responses to identify oral frailty subgroups. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was used to examine sociodemographic, behavioral, nutritional, and psychosocial factors associated with latent class membership. Latent class analysis identified three distinct oral frailty classes based on item-level OFI-8 responses: Severe Multidomain Oral Frailty (17.0%), Masticatory-Dryness Impairment (42.1%), and Minimal Oral Deficits/Preserved Function (41.3%). Multinomial logistic regression showed that older age, current smoking, poorer oral health-related quality of life (lower GOHAI scores), lower oral health self-efficacy, and poorer nutritional status (lower MNA scores) were independently associated with membership in more severe oral frailty classes. Compared with the Minimal Oral Deficits/Preserved Function class, never smokers had significantly lower odds of membership in the Severe Multidomain Oral Frailty and Masticatory-Dryness Impairment classes. Chronic conditions were more prevalent in more severe classes in univariate analyses but were not independently associated with class membership after multivariable adjustment. Substantial heterogeneity in oral frailty exists among community-dwelling older adults. The identified latent classes represent distinct oral functional profiles with differing associated risk patterns, underscoring the importance of class-specific prevention and intervention strategies. Early identification of individuals with masticatory and dryness-related impairments may provide an opportunity for timely intervention in individuals at greater risk of severe oral functional impairment.

PMID 42286611
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PubMedPostgraduate medicine2026-06-13

Evidence-informed guidance for the clinical use of oral semaglutide in obesity management.

Rubino Domenica D, Wharton Sean S, Knight Michael G MG, Aroda Vanita R VR

Oral semaglutide, the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, is now approved for obesity management and cardiovascular risk reduction in adults, demonstrating weight loss comparable to that of subcutaneous GLP-1 therapies, alongside improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. The availability of oral semaglutide for the treatment of obesity provides healthcare professionals with additional opportunities to individualize therapy based on patient preferences, lifestyle, and clinical circumstances. However, the oral semaglutide formulation requires specific administration conditions to optimize absorption and effectiveness. Notably, oral semaglutide tablets should be taken first thing in the morning on an empty stomach with no more than half a glass of plain water (up to 120 mL or 4 fl oz), followed by 30 min before eating food, drinking additional fluids, or ingesting other oral medications. Person-centered clinical discussions between healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patients prior to treatment initiation are important to ensure patients understand administration requirements and why they are necessary, establish realistic expectations for obesity treatment targets, and cover approaches to maintain adherence. HCP-patient consultations should also include discussion of strategies to help patients minimize, prepare for, and manage adverse events. In this article, we provide practical guidance for incorporating oral semaglutide into obesity management, drawing on evidence from clinical trials, including the OASIS 4 trial, and the authors' clinical insights.

PMID 42286992
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PubMedJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2026-06-13

A mechanistic framework linking the oral microbiome to Alzheimer's disease through neuroinflammation.

Evers Manon J A P MJAP, Krom Bastiaan P BP, de Jongh Caroline A CA

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing problem in our society and the most common form of dementia. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by neuroinflammation and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Previous studies have found associations between the oral microbiome and AD. This review aims to elucidate the role of the oral microbiome in AD, through neuroinflammation, and reviews the relationship between AD and bacteria and fungi. Studies have found bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis) and fungi (e.g., Candida albicans) in postmortem AD brains. Moreover, mice models have shown that oral microbes are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and were correlated with activated microglia, neuroinflammation, and Aβ load. This review introduces a mechanistic framework that describes how oral microbes cause an inflammatory response resulting in AD pathology. Specifically, oral dysbiosis causes oral pathogens to disseminate into the bloodstream, this triggers an inflammatory response, subsequently activating microglia, ultimately resulting in AD pathology. This process can follow two pathways: First, there is a direct response of the immune system in the brain to oral pathogens that migrate through the bloodstream and cross the BBB, which causes neuroinflammation and activates microglia, leading to AD pathology. Second, an early-life systemic inflammation causes microglia to get into a "hyperactive" state, in which they respond in an exaggerated way to normal stimuli triggering immune responses throughout a person's life that result in AD pathology. This mechanistic framework provides new line of thought for future research on the question of causality of AD.

PMID 42286894
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PubMedOral diseases2026-06-13

Heterogeneous Oral Health Outcomes by Combustible Cigarette Smoking, E-Cigarette Use and Dual Use: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Analysis.

Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo YA, Alshahrani Najim Z NZ, Alqahtani Mohammed Moshabbab MM, Alhayyani Roqayya Mohammed Ahmed RMA et al.

Combustible cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for poor oral health, but the implications of e-cigarette use and dual use remain uncertain. Distinguishing the effects of vaping from the lingering consequences of prior smoking is a persistent challenge in the literature. To assess how distinct nicotine use profiles relate to oral health-related quality of life, self-reported oral health indicators and self-rated dental health among adults in England, while differentiating e-cigarette users by smoking history. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 6027 adults (aged ≥ 16 years) from the nationally representative 2021 Adult Oral Health Survey for England. Participants were classified into five current smoking/vaping categories (never users, former smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, dual users) and, separately, by combined vaping-smoking history. Outcomes included any oral health difficulty and the number of impacts derived from the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), as well as loose teeth, gum disease history, dry mouth and self-rated dental health. Binary outcomes (any oral health difficulty, loose teeth, gum disease history) were analysed using logistic regression, and ordinal outcomes (number of OHIP-14 impacts, dry mouth, self-rated dental health) using ordered logistic regression, with adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioural and oral hygiene covariates. Compared with never users, exclusive cigarette smokers had the highest adjusted odds of reporting any oral health difficulty (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.51-2.27), loose teeth (OR = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.47-4.09), gum disease history (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.52-2.49) and poorer self-rated dental health (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 2.36-3.52). Dual users showed similarly elevated odds for loose teeth (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.95-4.97), the highest odds for gum disease history (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.06-4.99) and elevated odds for any oral health difficulty (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.04-2.30) and poorer self-rated dental health (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.68-3.58). Exclusive e-cigarette users also showed elevated odds across outcomes, though generally of smaller magnitude. Estimates for the very small subgroup of never-smoking current e-cigarette users did not show significant excess odds across outcomes, but were imprecise and should be regarded as exploratory. In this cross-sectional population-based analysis, combustible cigarette smoking and dual use were associated with poorer self-reported oral health outcomes. Findings related to e-cigarette use require cautious interpretation because of prior smoking history, the sparse never-smoker vaping subgroup and the absence of detailed exposure data (e.g., smoking intensity, pack-years, time since cessation, vaping duration, device type and nicotine concentration). Smoking cessation should remain central to preventive dentistry.

PMID 42286948
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PubMedAustralian veterinary journal2026-06-13

An unusual presentation of a sarcoid in Australia.

Swadling V D VD, Hardcastle M R MR, Munday J S JS

Sarcoids are a common skin tumour affecting all equids. To date, only one case of a sarcoid in the oral cavity of the horse has been reported. In the present case, an oral sarcoid was identified using histology and polymerase chain reaction to detect bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA. The lesion was known to be incompletely surgically excised and did not recur over a 15-month period. This case report describes the first oral sarcoid identified in Australia.

PMID 42286884
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PubMedJournal of translational medicine2026-06-13

The oral microbiome is associated with the diagnosis, prognosis and radiotherapy sensitivity of esophageal cancer.

Li Lei L, Li Lingling L, Yang Yuanyuan Y, Wang Chaoguan C et al.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and early detection strategies and precise postoperative interventions must be developed. However, the identification of noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis remains limited. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on tongue-coating samples from 440 participants, including 157 EC patients, 167 healthy controls (HCs) and 120 EC patients who received radiotherapy. We characterized the oral microbiome and constructed microbial diagnostic and prognostic classifiers. Furthermore, the oral microbiome of EC who received radiotherapy (n = 120) was characterized. The oral microbial diversity of EC patients was increased, with differences in the microbial community between EC patients and HCs. In EC, the genera Veillonella, Streptococcus and Actinomyces were enriched, whereas Porphyromonas and Rothia were depleted. The classifier based on six optimal microbial markers was constructed using random forest algorithm and achieved area under the curves (AUCs) of 93.69% and 95.18% in discovery and validation groups, respectively. After radiotherapy, the oral microbial diversity and richness were significantly reduced. The prevalence of opportunistic pathogens, including Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas, decreased, whereas the prevalence of Streptococcus and Actinomyces increased in EC patients after radiotherapy. Through six months of follow-up, patients were categorized into a progression group (PG) (n = 26) and a nonprogression group (NPG) (n = 106) based on the presence of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and death. A prognostic model based on 13 selected amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of the oral microbiome was constructed, with an AUC of 99.29%. The random forest analysis identified six key differential ASVs between the PG and the NPG, including Fusobacterium and Gemella. Additionally, twenty-five ASVs associated with nine clinical indicators were identified. Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oral microbiome in both EC patients and EC patients after radiotherapy, highlighting the potential of the oral microbiome as noninvasive biomarkers for determining the diagnosis and prognosis of EC.

PMID 42286580
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